Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/467

NEWSPAPERS 437 and statesmen. It is the shady side of a theme which, in many of its aspects, has much of brightness and of mental energy. The fact was recognized by an eminent judge many years ago iu the ordinary course of his official duty. "The copyright law," said Mr Justice Thompson, from the bench of the State of New York, in the cause Clayton v. Stone, is an Act for the encouragement of learning, not of mere industry. A newspaper ... is not such a publication as falls under the protection of the copyright laws." See the different Census Reports of the United States, Washington, 1853, 1872, and 1882-83; Buckingham, Specimens of Newspaper Literature, 2 vols., Boston, 1S">0; Cogpeshall, The Newspaper Record, Philadelphia, 1856; Sparks, Life and Works of Franklin, i. 23, 123. &c.; Life and Works of John Adams, ii. 405; Proceedings of the New York Historical Society for 1844 ; Historical Notices of Xctcspapers published in New Hampshire, in Farmer and Moore s collection, iii. 174 sq. ; Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, 31 sq. ; Minutes of Evidence before the Select Committee on Newspaper Stamps (evidence of Mr H. Greeley). pp. 389-395, 438-448; Andrews. History of British Journalism, i. 298- 305. 1859; Hubbard, Record, <fcc., New Haven, Conn., 1880, and other publica tions ; papers by C. de Varigny, on " American Journalism," in Revue des Deux Mondes. 1877, ii. 113-143; F. Hudson, Journalism in the United States, New York, 1873. NEWSPAPERS OF BRITISH AMERICA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. The virtual senior of the Canadian press is the Gazette, still pub lished at Montreal, which may fairly be considered as the continu ation (or at least the representative) of the original Gazette, established in that city in January 1765. It is now a daily paper one of 10 dailies, three of which (La Minerve, Le Nouvel Monde, and L 1 Evenement] appear in French. There are also 3 weekly papers. Toronto has now 3 daily journals, and Ottawa 4. The Halifax Gazette (pioneer of the Nova Scotia press) was established in January 1751, but it had an existence of less than twenty years. Halifax now publishes 4 daily papers. In all parts of British America, collectively, 67 daily newspapers were published in 1882, with an aggregate circulation of each issue estimated (by the American consular agents) at 237,788. The total number of jour nals of all kinds published in the British-American provinces is stated at 624, with an average circulation for each issue of about 2600 copies. The press of the West Indies begins at Barbados with Keimer s Gazette of 1731, followed by Grenada in 1742. In 1882 there were in the West Indies 47 daily papers with an estimated average circulation, per issue, of 1813 copies. Kingston (in Jamaica), with a population of 38,556, had five daily papers, at the head of which appears The Gleaner (1300 copies). Havana (in Cuba), with a population of about 300,000, has 11 daily papers, of which the four chief are thus reported: Diario de la Marina (circ. 10,000), La Voz de Cuba (8000), El Triunfo (8000), La Discusion (6000). The principal newspaper of San Jose, the capital of the republic of Costa Kiea (population about 18,000), is The Central American Reporter, a daily journal (circ. 3000). S. Salvador, capital of the republic of that name, has a daily journal, El Boletin Oficial, which circulates 2000 copies. The city of Mexico (population about 230,000) has 24 daily papers, of which El Diario Oficial (4000 copies) and La Patria (5000) are the chief. 4 NEWSPAPERS OF SOUTH AMERICA. (1) Brazil. The chief daily newspaper of Rio de Janeiro is the Journal de Commercio, which dates from 1823, and has a circulation of about 16,000. The official organ, Gazeta de Noticias, is said to circulate 24,000. The Cruzeiro follows with 12,000, and Apostolo, the principal organ of the Roman Catholics, with 7000. There are, in all, 8 daily papers. Among the papers of less frequent publication are one in French (established in 1863) and also one in German. (2) Argentine Republic. The chief papers of Buenos Ayres are The Standard and River Plate News (3500) and La Tribuna Nadonal (3000). (3) Chili. In Santiago are published El Ferro Carril and El Diario Oficial (5000). (4) Peru. Lima, with a population exceeding 100,000, has no journal with a larger circulation than La Patria (2500). (5) Uruguay. Montevideo (population 110,000) has 17 daily papers, of which the principal are El Ferro Carril (6000), El Siglo (5000), and La Nacion (3000). (6) Venezuela. The chief papers of Caracas are El Monitor (7500), La Opinion Nacional (5000), and La Gazeta t Oficial (5000). NEWSPAPERS OF AUSTRALASIA. (1) New South Wales. Sydney (population 134,137) has 6 daily newspapers, of which the circulation of the chief ones, as it is stated by their respective publishers, stands thus: Evening News, of which three or four successive editions are regularly published, 35,000; The Australian Town and Country Journal, 30,000; The Bulletin, 20,000. (2) South Australia. Adelaide (population 32,250) has 4 daily papers. (3) Victoria. Melbourne, with a population nearly nine times as large (282,907), has the like number. The publisher of the chief one, The Age, reports its circulation as 44,000. (4) New Zealand. Wellington (population about 19,000) has also 4 dailies, of which The New Zealand Times (7000) is the chief. (5) Tasmania. Hobart Town, with a population of about 20,000, has 3 dailies. One of these, Tlic Evening Star, circulates 3000 copies. COMPARATIVE STATISTICS. It is almost impossible by any statistical detail to give an idea of the recent advances made even as regards circulation merely by the newspaper press; but an outline of the general results reached by three statists, who published their summaries respectively in 1828, 1866, and 1882, may have its utility. The earliest summary is that of Adrien Balbi. It was published in the Revue Encydopedique, for 1828 (vol. i. pp. 593-603), along with much matter of more than merely statistical interest. The numbers of newspapers published in different countries at that date are given as follows : France, 490 ; United Kingdom, 483 ; Austria, about 80 ; Prussia, 288 ; rest of the Germanic Confedera tion, 305; Netherlands, 150; Spain, 16; Portugal and the Azores, 17; Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, 161; Kussia and Poland, 84. The respective proportions of journals to population were for Prussia 1 to 41,500, German states 1 to 45,300, United Kingdom 1 to 46,000, France 1 to 64,000, Switzerland 1 to 66,000, Austria 1 to 400,000, Russia 1 to 565,000. Europe had in all 2142 newspapers, America 978, Asia 27, Africa 12, and Oceania 9 ; total 3168. Of these, 1378 were published in English-speaking countries (800 of them in the United States), having a population of 154 millions, and 1790 in other countries, with a population of 583 millions. The second summary is that given by Eugene Hatin in an appendix to his very able BibliotJieque de la Presse pcriodiquc. His enumeration of newspapers is as follows : France, 1640; United Kingdom, 1260; Prussia, 700; Italy, 500; Austria-Hungary, 365; Switzerland, 300; Belgium, 275 ; Holland, 225 ; Russia, 200 ; Spain, 200 ; Sweden and Norway, 150 ; Denmark, 100 ; United States, 4000. Here the proportions of papers to population are Switzerland and United States 1 to 7000, Belgium 1 to 17,000, France and the United Kingdom 1 to 20,000, Prussia 1 to 30,000, Spain 1 to 75,000, Austria 1 to 100,000, Russia 1 to 300,000. Hatin assigns to Europe a total of 7000, to America 5000, and to the rest of the world 250, making in all 12,500. The third summary is that of Henry Hubbard, published in his Newspaper Directory of the World (New Haven, Connecticut, 1882), a work the value of which is marred by the exclusively commercial spirit that has moulded its compilation, and its want of literary character. Its scope embraces a very considerable number of serial publi cations which cannot be classed as newspapers. Still all this being understood Hubbard s figures, which were collected (chiefly by the American consuls and consular agents in all parts of the world) about 1880, cannot be disregarded. The following are his general results : Estimated Population (1880). Daily Newspapers. Other Publications. Num ber. Circulation per Issue. Number. Circulation per Issue. Europe Asia 301,356,000 1,007,123,000 205,000,000 76,033,000 29,988,000 3,670,000 2,403 154 25 1,136 208 94 15,682,425 550,736 55,475 4,758,223 347,490 246,850 10,730 337 125 9,656 427 471 33,901,400 257,000 167,220 22,073,000 354,860 483,000 Africa N. America S. America Australasia Total 1,623,175,000 4,020 21,641,199 21,746 57,236,480 (E. ED. w. R.)