Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/457

P A U P A U 435 entertainment of needy pilgrims, to payment of the debts of the insolvent, and to public works of utility or ornament ; besides building basilicas at Fondi and Nola, he provided the latter place with a much-needed aqueduct. At the next vacancy, not later than 409, he succeeded to the bishopric of Nola, and this office he held with ever-increas ing honour until his death, which occurred shortly after that of Augustine in 431. He is commemorated by the Church of Rome on 22d June. The extant writings of Paulinus consist of some fifty Epistolas, addressed to Sulpicius Severus, Delphinus, Augustine, Jerome, and others ; thirty-twi Carminct in a great variety of metre, including a series of hexameter "natales," begun about 393 and continued annually in honour of the festival of St Felix, metrical epistles to Ausonius and Gestidius, and paraphrases of three psalms ; and a Passio S. Gencsii. They reveal to us a kindly and cheerful soul, well versed in the literary accomplishments of the period, but without any strength of intellectual grasp and peculiarly prone to superstition. The somewhat conspicuous place in church history occupied by Paulinus is chiefly due to the effect his great influence had in promoting the practice of pilgrimage, relic - hunting, and picture - worship, as well as the uncritical acceptance of every alleged miracle ; to the intellectual development of Christianity he contributed nothing and it may well be questioned whether the manner in which he discharged the stewardship of his wealth was as judicious and beneficial as it certainly was generous. His works were edited by Rosweyde and Fronton le Due in 1622 (Antwerp, 8vo), and their text was reprinted in the Bibl. max. patr. (1677). The next editor was Le Brun des Marettes (Paris, 1685, 2 vols. 4to), whose text was reproduced in substance by Muratori (Verona, 1736), and reprinted by Migne. PAULUS, HEINRICH EBEEHARD GOTTLOB (1761-1851), the distinguished representative of the rationalistic school of German theologians of the beginning of this century, was born at Leonberg, near Stuttgart, 1st September 1761. His father, the Lutheran clergyman at Leonberg, was convinced of the immortality of the soul by spirit ualism, and was deprived of his living in consequence of his belief in the intercourse of departed spirits with men. He likewise required of his children unconditional obedi ence, and commanded them to believe the doctrines of religion without asking wherefore. The father s spiritual ism and dogmatism drove the son by natural reaction to the rationalism which prevailed at the time, and of which, in its application to Biblical history, Paulus became the most famous representative. He was educated at Tubingen, was three years headmaster of a German school, and then spent two years in travelling through England and the principal countries of the Continent. He subse quently published interesting passages from the journal of his tour. In 1789 he was chosen ordinary professor of Oriental languages at Jena. In addition to the studies of his own department he prosecuted especially mathe matics, as the best preparation for clear thinking. At Jena he lived in close intercourse with Schiller, Goethe, Herder, and the most distinguished literary men of the time. In 1793 he succeeded Doederlein as professor of theology. His special work was the exposition of the Old and New Testaments in the light of his great Oriental learning and according to his characteristic principle of "natural explanation." He held that miracles in the strict sense were impossible, that the events recorded in the Bible took place naturally, and that the narratives of the Gospels are the true reports of men who either were eye witnesses or had obtained information from such as were. From a purely apologetic motive he sought to remove what other interpreters regarded as miracles from the Bible by distinguishing between the fact related and the author s opinion of it, by seeking a naturalistic exegesis of a narrative, e.g., that ori r?;s OaXda-o-rjs (Matt. xiv. 25) means l>y the shore and not on tlie sea, by supplying circum stances omitted by the author, by remembering that the author produces as miracles occurrences which can now be explained otherwise, e.g., exorcisms. The chief exegetical works of Paulus are his Philologisch-kritischer und histor- ischer Commentar iiber das Neue Testament (4 vols., 1800- 1804), Clavis iiber die Psalmen (1791), and Clavis iiber Jesaias (1793), and particularly his Exegetisches Handbuch iiber die drei ersten Evangdien (3 vols., 1830-33; 2d ed., 1841-42). His Life of Jesus (2 vols., 1828) is a synop tical translation of the Gospels, prefaced by an account of the preparation for the Christ and a brief summary of His history, and accompanied by very short explanations inter woven in the translation. The form of the work was fatal to its success, and the subsequent Exegetisches Handbuch rendered it quite superfluous. In the latter work Paulus really contributed much to a true interpretation of the Gospel narratives, notwithstanding his entire failure to ex plain the miracles away. The historical and geographical excursuses and dissertations interwoven in his comment- aries are of considerable value. He was particularly well acquainted with the conditions of Oriental life. In the year 1803 Paulus left Jena on account of his health, and filled various posts in south Germany until 1811, when he became professor of exegesis and ecclesiastical history at Heidelberg. It was there that he found the freest scope for his great learning and tutorial abilities. He filled this chair until 1844, when he retired on account of his great age. He died, faithful to his first rationalistic position, a staunch friend of intellectual and political free dom and light, 10th August 1851, in his ninetieth year. The literary labours of Paulus were not confined to exegesis. He edited a collected small edition of Spinoza s works (1802-1803), a collection of the most noted Eastern travels (1792-1803), Schel- ling s Vorlesungcn iiber die Offcnbaruny (1843), &c. He was also the author of Skizzen aus meincr Bildunys- und Lcbeiisgeschichte (1839), and he left behind him the materials for a biography, which was published by Professor Reichlin-Meldegg, under the title //. E. G. Paulus und seine Zeit (1853). PAULUS, JULIUS. See KOMAN LAW. PAULUS (or PAULLUS), Lucius ^MILIUS, a dis tinguished Roman general, of the patrician family of the ./Emilii, was born about 229 B.C. He was the son of the consul of the same name who fell at Cannae. As curule cedile in 192 he gave a proof of his integrity by prose cuting the persons who made an illegal use of the public pastures. His first laurels were won in Further Spain, whither he was sent as prsetor in 191. Though at first defeated with loss, he finally overthrew the enemy in a bloody battle (189) and tranquillized Spain. In 182 he was consul, and in the following year subdued the Ingauni, a piratical tribe of Liguria, dismantling their towns and carrying off their ships. For this service he was granted a triumph. After a period of retirement from public life he was elected consul a second time, for 168, and entrusted with the command in the Macedonian war, which the incapacity of previous Roman generals had allowed to drag on without success for three years. Paulus brought the war to a speedy termination by the battle of Pydna, fought on 22d June (Julian calendar) 168. The battle decided the fate of Macedonia, which was henceforward a Roman province. The Macedonian king Perseus surrendered shortly afterwards and met with a courteous reception from the Roman general. Paulus now availed himself of his position to make the tour of Greece, visiting with an intelligent interest the places immortalized in Greek history and legend. Afterwards, assisted by ten Roman commissioners, he arranged the affairs of Macedonia. In obedience to the orders of the senate, on his return through Epirus to Italy he gave up seventy towns to pillage and carried off 150,000 of the inhabitants as slaves. A magnificent triumph, graced by the presence of the captive king Perseus and his three children, rewarded the con queror of Macedonia (167). But his public glory was closely attended by private misfortune ; of the two sons borne him by his second wife one died a few days before,