Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/458

436 P A U P A U the other a few days after, his triumph. The veteran was thus left without a son to bear his name ; for of his two sons by his first wife Papiria, the elder had been adopted by Quintus Fabius Maximus, Hannibal s great opponent, and the younger by the son of Scipio Africanus. The latter, known as P. Cornelius Scipio ^Emilianus, was the conqueror of Carthage and Numantia. Paulus was censor in 164, and died in 160. At the funeral games exhibited in his honour the Hecyra of Terence was acted for the second and the Adelphi for the first time. Paulus was a fine specimen of a Roman noble. An aristocrat to the backbone, he was yet beloved by the people, whose favour he never deigned to court by unworthy means. His integrity was perfect ; of the vast sums brought by him into the Roman treasury from Spain and Macedonia he kept not a penny to himself. At his death his property with difficulty sufficed to pay his wife s dowry. As a general he was a strict disciplinarian ; as an augur he dis charged the religious duties of his office with conscientious care and exactness. His piety passed iixto superstition, as when before the battle of Pydna he sacrificed to the moon, then under eclipse. His sympathy with Greek learning and art is attested by the Greek masters whom he procured for his sons, as well as by his travels in Greece, the works of art he brought home, and his friendship for the historian Polybius. His nobility of nature won him the affec tion and esteem of all who knew him, of his enemies no less than of his countrymen. An affecting proof is the fact recorded by Plutarch that" his body was carried to the grave by volunteers from all the nations he had conquered, while old men from Spain, Liguria, and Macedonia followed lamenting the man who (accord ing to them) was at once their conqueror and their saviour. There is a life of him by Plutarch, but his campaigns in Liguria and Mace donia are more fully described by Livy (xl. 25-28 ; xliv. 17 - xlv. 41). PAULUS jEGIXETA. See ^EGINETA, vol. i. p. 181, and MEDICINE, vol. xv. p. 804. PAULUS DIACONUS, the historian of the Lombard dominion in Italy, flourished in the 8th century (see LOMBARDS, vol. xiv. p. 813). An ancestor of his named Leupichis entered Italy in the train of Alboin and received an allotment of lands at or near Forum Julii (Friuli). By an invasion of Avars all the five sons of this warrior were swept off into Illyria, but one, his namesake, returned through many perils and restored the ruined fortunes of his house. His grandson was Warnefrid, who, by his wife Theodelinda, became the father of Paulus. The future historian (born about 720 or 725) received an education unusually good for his times, possibly in part conducted at the court of King Ratchis in Pavia. From a teacher named Flavian he received at least the rudiments of Greek. In middle life, probably, he retired into the great Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino, which his patron King Ratchis had entered in 749. The ruin which befell the Lombard monarchy in 774 at the hands of Charles the Great may have caused him to take this step. In this ruin was involved his brother Arichis, Avhose estates were confiscated, himself confined in prison for seven years, and his wife and children reduced to beggary. About 781 Paulus left his monastery and travelled to France, probably in order to intercede for this brother, and after considerable delay his request was granted. Meanwhile, his literary gifts had come to be highly appreciated by the Frankish king. The letters and the verses which passed between Charles (employing the pen of a secretary) and Paulus give a pleasant idea of the relation between the two parties, and remind us of the intercourse between the Italian princes and the scholars of the Renaissance. After some years residence in France Paulus returned to Italy and to his convent, and died, probably between 790 and 800, at his beloved Monte Cassino. His surname, Diaconus (or Levita), shows that he took orders as a deacon, no doubt during his residence in the monastery. The chief works of Paulus are his Continuation of^ Eutropius and his Lombard History. The former (one of his earliest works) was written at the request of Adelperga, wife of the duke of Benevento. Paulus recommended her to read the Roman history of Eutropius, but, as she complained that this heathen writer said nothing ot church affairs, and stopped short at the deatli of Jovian, Paulus interwove some extracts from the ecclesiastical historians, and added six books (xi.-xvi.), bringing down the history to 553 A.D. At this point his Lombard History, in six books, written in the later years of his life and cut short by his death, takes up the tale, which is told henceforward from the point of view of a Lombard patriot. The sagas of the Langobardic warriors, plentifully inter spersed, give to the narrative a wild barbaric interest. The document called the Oriyo Gcntis Langobardicse and the lost his tory of Secundus of Trieut furnished some of his materials. He also makes free use of Gregory of Tours, Bcde, Isidore, and others. In some aspects Paulus naturally suggests a comparison with Jordanes, that other historian of a barbarian nation falling into ruin, but in learning and literary honesty the Lombard is greatly the superior of the Goth. His style is, for his age, wonderfully good, though his grammar shows the breaking down of the old Latin inflexions into the lingua volgarc. Paulus wrote also a history of the bishops of -Metz, some homilies, and several small poems, some rhythmical, some metrical. His works were frequently copied in the Middle Ages. Of the Lombard History there are more than a hundred MSS. extant, those of Assisi, Cividale, and St Gall being the most important. The edition of his histories published as part of the Monumcnta Germanise, Historica (1878-79) supersedes all others. For further informa tion, the student may consult G. Waitz s preface to the Lombard History in that edition, and F. Dahn s Langobardische Studien, an able monograph, but perhaps too negative in its conclusions. The English reader will find an excellent sketch of Paulus s life and writings in Ugo Balzaui s Early Chroniclers of Italy (London, 1833). PAUPERISM. See POOR LAWS. PAUSANIAS, the general who led the Greeks to vic tory at Platea, was a Spartan and a member of the Agicl branch of the royal house. In 479 B.C. he succeeded his father Cleombrotus as regent and guardian of his cousin the youthful king Plistarchus, and in the same year he was appointed, by virtue of his rank, to lead the army despatched by the Spartans to help the Athenians against the Persians under Mardonius. He commanded the united Greek army at the memorable battle of Platsea (479), which for ever secured the freedom of Greece against the Persians. The credit of that great victory belongs to the soldiers rather than to their general, for Pausanias seems to have acted without any settled plan, and to have given battle only when he was forced to do so by the enemy. Indeed, his attempt to withdraw the Spartan contingent from the post of honour on the right, in order to avoid encountering the native Persian troops under Mardonius, savours of positive cowardice. But, if he feared the living, he respected the dead ; a proposal made by a Greek after the battle to avenge the death of Leonidas by mutilating the corpse of the gallant Mardonius received from Pausanias a stern rebuke. After the expul sion of the Persians from Greece Pausanias led a Greek fleet (478 or 477) to Cyprus and thence to Byzantium, which he captured from the Persians. But the successes he had hitherto enjoyed only fed without satisfying his ambition. He conceived the design of making himself master of all Greece, and with this view he opened a corre spondence with Xerxes, offering to marry his daughter and reduce Greece to a Persian province. The proposal was hailed with delight by the Persian monarch. Puffed up with these hopes, Pausanias now assumed by anticipation the airs and state of a tyrant, and by his overbearing manners offended the Greeks so deeply that in disgust they transferred the leadership of the allied forces from Sparta to Athens, a momentous step, from which sprang the maritime empire of Athens. Pausanias was recalled to Sparta and tried, but, though convicted and punished for minor offences, the evidence was insufficient to sub stantiate the charge of treason, and he was acquitted. Having afterwards the folly to return to Byzantium in a private capacity and reopen communications with Persia, he was again recalled and put on his trial. There was strong suspicion of his treason, but no positive evidence. It was known, too, that he had incited the Helots to revolt,