540 PERIODICALS in 1759 ; periodical biography may be first seen in the Necrologe des Homines Celebres de France (1764-82) ; the political economists established the Eph^meride-s du Citoycn in 1765 ; the first Journal d Education was founded in 1768, and the Courrier de. la Mode in the same year ; the theatre had its first organ in the Journal des Theatres (1770) ; in the same year were produced a Journal de Musique and the Encyclopedic Militairc ; the sister service was supplied with a Journal de Marine in 1778. We have .already noticed several journals specially devoted to one or other foreign literature. It was left to Freron, Grimm, Prevost, and others in 1754 to extend the idea to all foreign productions, and the Journal Stranger (1754-62) was founded for this purpose. The Gazette Litteraire (1764-66), which had Voltaire, Diderot, and Saint- Lambert among its editors, was intended to swamp the small fry of criticism ; the Journal des Dames (1759-78) was of a light magazine class ; and the Journal de Monsieur (1776-83) had three phases of existence, and died after extending to thirty volumes. The Memoires Secrets pour scrvir a I Histoire de la Republique des Lettrcs (1762-87), better known as Memoircs de Bachaumont, from the name of their founder, furnish a minute account of the social and literary history for a period of twenty-six years. Of a similar character was the Corrcspondance Litteraire Secrete (1774-93), to which Metra was the chief contributor. Z Esprit des Journaux (1772-1818) forms an important literary and historical collection, which is rarely to be found complete. The movement of ideas at the close of the century may best be traced in the Annalcs Politiques, Civilcs, et Litteraires (1777-92) of Linguet. The Decade Philosophiquc (year V. or 1796/97), founded by Ginguene, is the first periodical of the magazine class which appeared after the storms of the Revolution. It was a kind of resurrection of good taste ; under the empire it formed the sole refuge of the opposition. By a decree of 17th January 1SOO the consulate reduced the number of Parisian journals to thirteen, of which the Decade was one ; all the others, with the exception of those dealing solely with science, art, commerce, and advertise ments, were suppressed. A report addressed to Bonaparte by Fievee 1 in the year XI. (1802/3) furnishes a list of fifty-one of these periodicals. In the year XIII. (1804/5) only seven non-political serials were permitted to appear. Between 1815 and 1819 there was a constant struggle between freedom of thought on the one hand and the censure, the police, and the law-officers on the other. This oppression led to the device of " semi -periodical" publications, of which La Minerve Francaise (1818-20) is an instance. It was the Satire Menijrpee of the Restoration, and was brought out four times a year at irregular intervals. Of the same class was the Bibliotheque Historiquc (1818- 20), another anti-royalist organ. The censure was re-established in 1820 and abolished in 1828 with the monopoly. It has always seemed impossible to carry on successfully in France a review upon the lines of those which have become so numerous and important in England. The short-lived Revue Francaise (1828-30), founded by Guizot, Remusat, De Broglie, and the doctrinaires, was an attempt in this direction. The well-known Revue des Deux Mondcs was established in 1829 by Segur-Dupeyron and Mauroy, but it ceased to appear at the end of the year, and its actual existence dates from its acquisition in 1831 by Francois Buloz, 2 a masterful editor, under whose energetic management it soon achieved a world wide reputation. The most distinguished names in French litera ture have been among its contributors, for whom it has been styled the " vestibule of the Academy." It was preceded by a few months by the Revue de Paris (1829-45), founded by Veron, who introduced the novel to periodical literature. In 1834 this was purchased by Buloz, and brought out concurrently with his other Revue. While the former was exclusively literary and artistic, the latter dealt more with philosophy. The Revue Independante (1841-48) was founded by Pierre Leroux, George Sand, and Viardot for the democracy. The times of the consulate and -the empire were the subjects dealt with by the Revue de V Empire (1842-48). In Le Correspondent, (1843), established by Montalembert and De Falloux, the Catholics and Legitimists had a valuable supporter. The Revue Contemporaine (1852), founded by the comte de Belval as a royalist organ, had joined to it in 1856 the Athen&um Franc,ais. The Jtevue^ Germanique (1858) exchanged its exclusive name and character in 1865 to the Revue Moderne. The Revue Europecnne (1859) was at first subventioned like the Revue Contemporaine, from which it soon withdrew Government favour. The Revue Nationale (1860) appeared quarterly, and succeeded to the Magazin de Libraire (1858). The list of current periodicals, to which should be added the 1 The novelist and publicist Joseph Fievee (1767-1830), known for his rela tions with Napoleon I., has been made the subject for a study by Sainte-Beuve (Canneries, v. 172).
- This remarkable man (1 804-1877) began 1 ife as a shepherd. Educated through
the charity of M. Naville, lie came to Paris as a compositor, and by translating from the English earned sufficient to purchase the moribund Revue des Deux Mowlts, which acquired its subsequent position in spite of the tyrannical editorial behaviour of the proprietor. M. Monod (Academy, 20th Jan. 1S77) states that latterly Buloz enjoyed an income of 365,000 francs from the Revue. Revue des Deux Mondcs and the Correspondant, include the following. Among those devoted to literature and criticism may be mentioned the Revue Britanniquc (1825) ; the Revue. Critique d Histoire et de Litterature (1856), one of the first of European weekly reviews ; Revue Politique ct LUltraire, successor to the Revue des Cours Litter- i><;s(lS63), also weekly ; Lc Livrc (1880), confined to bibliography and literary history, monthly ; and the Nouvelle Revue (1879), already a serious rival of the Revue des Deux Mondcs, which it resembles in character and mode of publication, although distinctly Republican in politics. History and archaeology are represented by the Bibliotheque de I Ecolc des Charles (1839), which deals especially with the Middle Ages, and is published every two months ; the Cabinet Historiquc (1855), a monthly, devoted to MSS. and un published documents ; the Revue Historique (1876), two-monthly ; and the monthly Revue Archeologiquc (1860). The fine arts are cared for by the Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1859), monthly, and L Art (1875), published weekly. We may also mention the Revue Philosophiquc (1876), monthly, and Le Tour du Monde (1860), an illustrated weekly, consisting entirely of voyages and travels. In 1883, apart from political newspapers, there were published in Paris 1379 periodicals of all kinds. They may be classified in the following order : theology 96, jurisprudence 130, reviews 75, popular reading 169, history and geography 37, political economy and finance 243, science generally 26, mathematics 6, medicine 101, natural science 21, military 14, naval 12, fine arts 75, fashion 81, education 46, technology 137, agriculture 46, sport 24, miscellaneous 40. Authorities. The subject of French periodicals has been exhaustively treated in the valuable works of Eugene Hatin, Histoire de la 1 resse en France, 1859-01, 8 vols. ; Les Gazettes de Hollande. et la Presse Clandestine aux 17 ct 18 Siecles, 18(55 ; and Bibliographie de la Presse Periodique Francaise, 1S66. See also Catalogue de I Histoire de France, 1855-79, 11 vols. ; V. Gebe, Catalogue des Journaux, etc., publies a Paris, 1870 ; Brunet, Manuel du Libraire, avec Supple ment, 1860-80, 8 vols. ; H. Le Soudier, Catalogue-tarif des Journaux, Itcvues, et Publications .Periodiqu.es parus en Paris jusyu en 1SS3, 1883; F. Mi ge, Les Journaux et Ecrits Periodiqnes de la Basse Aurergne, 1809. Germany. The earliest trace of the literary journal in Germany Gernia: is to be found in the Erbauliche Monatsuntcrredungcn (1663) of the poet Johann Rist and in the Miscellanea curiosa medico -physica (1670-1704) of the Acadcmia naturns curiosorum Leopoldina-Caro- lina, the first scientific annual, uniting the features of the Journal des Savants and of the Philosoi)hical Transactions. D. G. Morhof, the author of the well-known Polyhistor, conceived the idea of a monthly serial to be devoted to the history of modern books and learning, which came to nothing. While professor of morals at Leipsic, Otto Mencke planned the Acta Eruditorum, with a view to make known, by means of analyses, extracts, and reviews, the new works produced throughout Europe. In 1680 he travelled in England and Holland in order to obtain literary assistance, and the first number appeared in 1682, under the title of Acta Erudi torum Lipslcnsium, and, like its successors, was written in Latin. Among the contributors to subsequent numbers were Leibnitz, Seckendorf, and Cellarius. A volume came out each year, with supplements. After editing about 30 volumes Mencke died, leaving the publication to his son, and the Acta remained in the possession of the family down to 1745, when they extended to 117 volumes, which form an extremely valuable history of the learning of the period. A selection of the dissertations and articles was published at Venice in 7 vols. 4to, 1740. The Acta soon had imitators. The Ephcmeridcs Littcrariie (1686) came out at Hamburg in Latin and French. The Nova Littcraria maris Balthici ct Septentrionis (1698- 1708) was more especially devoted to north Germany and the univer sities of Kiel, Rostock, and Dorpat. Supplementary to the preceding was the Nova Litteraria Germanic collccta ffamburgi (1708-9), which from 1707 widened its field of view to the whole of Europe. At Leip sic was produced the Teutsche Acta Eruditorum (1712), an excellent periodical, edited by J. G. Rabener and C. G. Jocher, and continued from 1 740 to 1 758 as Zuvcrldssigc Nachrichten. It included portraits. The brilliant and enterprising Christian Thomasius brought out periodically, in dialogue form, his Monatsfjcspriichc. (1688-90), written by himself in the vernacular, to defend his novel theories against the alarmed pedantry of Germany, and, together with Strahl, Buddeus, and others, Observationes sclcctie ad rem littcrariam specialties (1700), written in Latin. W. E. Tenzel also published Monatliclic Untcrredungcn (1689-98), continued from 1704 as Curi- euse Bibliothck, and treating various subjects in dialogue form. After the death of Tenzel the Bibliothck was carried on under differ ent titles by C. Woltereck, J. G. Krause, and others, down to 1721. Of much greater importance than these was the Monatlicher Auszuy (1701), supported by J. G. Eccard and Leibnitz. Another periodical on Thomasius s plan was Neue Untcrreduncjen (1702), edited by N. H. Gundling. The Gundlingiana of the latter person, published at Halle (1715-32), and written partly in Latin and partly in German by the editor, contained a miscellaneous collection of juri dical, historical, and theological observations and dissertations. Nearly all departments of learning possessed their several special periodical organs about the close of the 17th or the beginning of the 18th century. The Anni Franciscanorum (1680) was edited by the Jesuit Stiller ; and J. S. Adami published, between 1690 and 1713, certain theological repertories under the name of Dclicise.
