542 Kant inches Jahrbuch; Dcr JIaschincnbauer. FORESTRY AND SPOUT ING : Forstlichc Blatter ; Ally. Forst- u. Jagdzeitung ; Zeitsch riftf. Forst- u. Jagdiccscn. AGRICULTURE, GARDENING, &c. : Biencnzcit- ung; Forschungen auf d. Gebide d. Agrikulturphysik ; Landwirth- sclutftlidicJahrbuchcr; Allg. Zeitung fur deut. Land- u.Forstwirthc; Gartenflora ; Ncubcrt s dcut. Gartenmagazin ; Dcut. allg. Zeitung f. Landwirthschaft, u.s.w. THEATRES iNeuer Theatcrdiencr ; Miinchcncr 2 hcatcr- Journal. FINE ARTS : Jahrbuch d. k. preuss. Kunstsammlungen ; Die graphischcn Kiinste ; Zcitschrift f. Kunst- und Aiitiqiiitdtoisammler. Music : New Berliner Musikzeitung ; Keue Zcitschrift f. Musik. FICTION : Deut. Romanzeitung. STENO GRAPHY : Jahrbuch d. Schule Gabclsbergcrs ; Allg. dcutsch-c Steno- grafcnzcitung. POPULAR READING : Daheim ; Die Gartcnlaube ; Ucbcr Land und Meer ; Vom Pels zum Mccr. FREEMASONRY : Freimaurcrzcitung. HUMOROUS: Flicgendc Blatter; Kladder- adatsch. CHESS: Deutsche Schachzeitung. MISCELL. ILLUS TRATED : Illustrirtc Zeitung. There were in Austria in 1848 22 literary and 41 special period icals, and in 1873 110 literary and 413 special periodicals (see the extremely valuable statistical inquiry of Dr Johann Winckler, Die period. Presse Oestcrrcichs, 1875). Germany possessed in 1848 about 947 periodicals (Deutscher Zeitungs-Katalog, 1848), and in 1884 1550 (Gracklauer s Deutscher Journal - Katalog fur 1884). According to the Deutscher Zeitschriftcn-Katalog, 1874, there were published in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland in 1874 2219 periodicals in the German language. Authorities. For the general history of the subject consult C. Juncker, Schediasma de ephemerulibus eruditorum, Leipsic, 1692 ; H. Kurz, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur, Leipsic, 1852 ; R. Prutz, Geschichte des deutschen Jour- nalismus, vol. i., 1845 unfortunately it does not go beyond 1713 ; H. Wuttke, Die deutschen Zeitschriften, 1875; and P. E. Richter, Verzeichniss der Periodica im Besitze der k. off. Bibl. zu Dresden, 1SSO. Sicitzerland. The Nova Littcraria Helvetica (1703-15) of Zurich is the earliest literary periodical which Switzerland can show. From 1728 to 1734 a Bibliotheque Italique, and towards the end of the century the Bibliotheque Britannique (1796-1815), dealing with agriculture, literature, and science, in three separate series, were published at Geneva. The latter was followed by what still re mains the leading periodical of French-speaking Switzerland, the Bibliotheque Universcllc (1816), which also has a scientific and a literary series. The Revue Suissc (1838) was produced at Neuchatel. Italy. Prompted by M. A. Ricci, Francesco Nazzari, the future cardinal, established in 1668 the Giornalc de Lettcrati upon the plan of the Journal des Savants. His collaborateurs each agreed to undertake the criticism of a separate literature, while Nazzari re tained the general editorship and the analysis of the French books. The journal was continued to 1675, and another series was carried on to 1769. Bacchini brought out at Parma (1688-90) and at Modena (1692-97) a periodical with a similar title. A much better known Giornale was that of Apostolo Zeno, founded with the help of Mafl ei and Muratori (1710), continued after 1718 by Pietro Zeno, and after 1728 by Mastraca and Paitoni. Another Giornalc, to which Fabroni contributed, was published at Pisa in 1771 ; it has been continued almost down to our own times. The Galleria di Minerva was first published at Venice in 1696. One of the many merits of the antiquary Lami was his connexion with the Novelle Letterarie (1740-70), founded by him, and after the first two years almost entirely written by him. Its learning and impartiality gave it much authority. The Frusta Letteraria (1763-65) was brought out at Venice by Giuseppe Baretti under the pseudonym of Aristarco Scannabue. The next that deserve mention are the Giornalc Enci- clopedico (1806) of Naples, followed by the Progresso delle Scienze (1833-48) and the Museo di Scienze e Lctteratura of the same city, and the Giornalc Arcadico (1819) of Rome. Among the contributors to the Poligrafo (1811) of Milan were Monti, Perticari, and some of the first names in Italian literature. The Biblioteca Italiana (1816-40) was founded at Milan by the favour of the Austrian Govern ment, and the editorship was offered to and declined by Ugo Foscolo. It rendered service to Italian literature by its opposition to the Della-Cruscan tyranny. Another Milanese serial was the Concilia- tore (1818-20), which, although it only lived two years, will be remembered for the endeavours made by Silvio Pellico, Camillo Ugoni, and its other contributors to introduce a more dignified and courageous method of criticism. After its suppression and the falling off in interest of the Biblioteca Italiana the next of any merit to appear was the Antologia, a monthly periodical brought out at Florence in 1820 by Gino Capponi and Giampetro Vieusseux, but suppressed in 1833 on account of an epigram of Tommaseo, a principal writer. Some striking papers were contributed by Giuseppe Mazzini. Naples had in 1832 II Progresso of Carlo Troya, helped by Tommaseo and Centofanti, and Palermo owned the Giornale di Statifitica (1834), suppressed eight years later. The Archivio Storico, consisting of reprints of documents with historical dissertations, dates from 1842, and was founded by Vieusseux arid Gino Capponi. The Civiltd Cattolica (1850) is still the organ of the Jesuits. The Rivista ContcmjMranea (1852) was founded at Turin in emulation of the Revue des Deux Mondes, which has been the type followed by so many Continental periodicals ; it still appears. The Politecnico (1839) of Milan was suppressed in 1844 and revived in 1859. The Nuova Antologia (1866j has already acquired a well-deserved reputa tion as a high -class review and magazine. Its rival, the Rivista Europca, is now considered the special organ of the Florentine men of letters. The Rasscgna Scttimanalc was a weekly political and literary review, which after eight years of existence gave place to a daily newspaper, the Rasscgna. The Archivio Trcntino (1882) is the organ of "Italia Irredenta." The Rasscgna Nazionalc, con ducted by the marchese Manfredo di Passano, a chief of the moder ate clerical party, the Nuova Rivista of Turin, the Fan/ alia dclla Dumcnica, and the Gazzctta Letteraria may also be mentioned. During the last few years Italy has been showing such vigour in her periodical literature that it may be worth while to append the titles of the chief of those which are now appearing : Annali di Matematica (1867) ; Annuario di Giurispnidcnza (1883) ; Archivio di Statistics (1876) ; Archivio storico Lombardo (1874) ; Archivio Vcneto (1871) ; Archivio per lo Studio dclle Tradizioni popolari ; Archivio per la Zoologia; II Bibliofilo; Bollcttino di Archeologia cristiana; II Filangieri (1876); La Natura (1884); Nuovo Giornale botanico (1869) ; Giornale dcgli Eruditi (1883) ; Giornale di Filologia Romanza ; Giornale storico dclla Lctteratura Italiana (1883) ; Nuova Rivista internazionalc (1879) ; IlPolitecnico(l^5B) ; La Ritssegna Italiana (1881) ; Rivista storica Italiana (1884) ; Revue Internationale (1883). Not counting political newspapers, there were published in Italy in the year 1871 133 literary periodicals, 43 devoted to the fine arts, 132 commercial, 49 scientific, 19 administrative, 20 humorous, &c. showing a total of 416. Ten years later, in 1881, the number had increased to 892, of which 46 were religious, 23 administrative, 114 scientific, 52 agricultural, 36 humorous, &c. Authorities. See G. Ottino, La Stampa periodica in Italia, Milan, 1875; Raccolta dei periodici presentata all Esposizione in Milano, 1SS1 ; A. Roux, La litteruture contemporaine en Italie (1873-83), Paris, 1883. Belgium. The Journal Ency doped ique (1756-93), founded by Belgitii P. Rousseau, made Liege a propagandist centre for the philosophical party. In the same city was also first established L Esprit des Journaux (1772-1818), styled by Sainte-Beuve "cette considerable et excellence collection," but "journal voleur et compilateur." The Journal historique et litterairc (1788-90) was founded at Luxem burg by the Jesuit De Feller ; having been suppressed there, it was transferred to Liege, and subsequently to Maestricht. It is one of the most curious of the Belgian periodicals of the 18th century, and contains most precious materials for the national history. A complete set is very rare and much sought after. The Revue Beige (1835-43), in spite of the support of the best writers of the kingdom, its successor the Revue de Liege (1844-47), the 2 resor National (1842-43), published at Brussels, and the Revue dc Bclgique (1846-51) were all shortlived. The Revue dc Bruxcllcs (1837-48), supported by the nobility and the clergy, had a longer career. The Revue Nationale was the champion of Liberalism, and came to an end in 1847. The Mcssagcr des Sciences historiqucs (1833), which still comes out at Ghent, has been much more successful, and is in repute on account of its historical and antiquarian char acter. The Revue Catholique is also still published by the pro fessors of the university of Louvain. In 1846 it began a contro versy with the Journal historique ct litterairc of Kersten (1834) upon the origin of human knowledge, which lasted for many years and excited great attention. The Revue Trimestriellc was founded at Brussels by Van Bemmel in 1854. The Athcnseum Beige (1868) did not last long. Among Flemish serials may be mentioned the Nedcrduitsche Flemi Letterocfeningcn (1834) ; the Bclgisch Museum (1836-46), edited by "VVillems ; the Brocderhand, which did not appear after 1846 ; the Taalverbund of Antwerp ; the Kunst- en Lcttcrblad (1840-43) ; and the Vlacinsche Redcryker (1844). The Annalcs des Travaux Publics (1843), the Bulletin dc I Indus trie (1842), the Journal des Beaux-Arts (1858), the Catholic Precis historiqucs (1852), the Protestant Chretien Beige (1850), Van Bene- den s Archives de Biologic, the Revue dc Bclgique (1868), and the Revue de Droit international are representative of their several respective classes. It has been calculated that in 1860 there were 51 periodicals published in Belgium. In 1884 the number had increased to 412. See U. Capitaine, Recherchcs sur les journmtx et les ecrits perioiliques Liegeois, 1850; Releve de tons les ecrits periodiqites qui se publient dans le royaiime de Belyii/ue, 1875; Catalogue des journavx, revues, et publications penodiques de la Befgigue, 1883 ; Annuaire de la libraire Bulge, 1884. Holland. This country occupies a distinguished position in the Holla history of the periodical literature of the 18th century, from the labours of the French refugees already referred to (see p. 539). The first serial written in Dutch was the Bockzaal van Europa (1692- 1708, and 1715-48), which had several changes of name during its long life. The next of any note was the Republijk der Gclccrdcn (1710-48). The English Spectator was imitated by J. van Kffen in his Misanthrope (1711-12), written in French, and in the Hollandsche Spectator (1731-35), in Dutch. An important serial was the long- lived Vadcrlandsche Letterocfeningcn (1761). The Algcmccne Kunst- cn Lctterbode (1788) was long the leading review of Holland ; in
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