856 UNIVERSITIES Wales :- St David s, of London, to all matriculated students on payment o: certain fees. Colleges There is at present no university of Wales, although the bestowal of a royal charter before long is confidently "anticipated. The oldest college, that of St David s at Lampeter, possesses the right of conferring degrees. Il was founded in 1822 for the purpose of educating clergy men in the principles of the Established Church of England and Wales, mainly for the supply of the Welsh dioceses. The number of the professors in 1887 was 8, and the number of the students 120. The next college in order of foundation is Aberystwith. It was founded 9th October 1872, but possesses no charter, and is mainly supported by the Dissenting bodies. The staff of professors numbers 13, and the students number 150. The University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire at Cardiff was founded in 1883. The number of professors in 1887 was 9, lecturers 4, demonstrators 2 ; number of students 140. The University College of North Wales at Bangor received its charter 4th June 1885, its object being to "provide instruction in all the branches of a liberal education except theology." Its staff consists of a principal, 8 professors or lecturers, and 2 demonstrators; the number of the students is 127. There is also a hall of residence for women students. At each of these three last-named colleges students proceeding to degrees have to go through either a London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, or Dublin course of study, but at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dublin a certain proportion of the term of residence ordinarily required is remitted in their favour. with, Soutli Wales, North Wales. Calcutta. Bombay. Madras. Punjab univer sity. Sydney. In India, the three older universities all date from 1857, that of Calcutta having been incorporated January 24, Bombay July 18, Madras September 5, in that year. At these three universities the instruction is mainly in English. " A university in India is a body for examining candidates for degrees, and for conferring degrees. It has the power of prescribing text-books, standards of instruction, and rules of procedure, but is not an institution for teaching. Its governance and management are vested in a body of fellows, some of whom are ex officio, being the chief European functionaries of the state. The remainder are appointed by the Government, being generally chosen as representative men in respect of eminent learning, scientific attainment, official position, social status, or personal worth. Being a mixed body of Europeans and natives, they thus comprise all that is best and wisest in that division of the empire to which the university belongs, and fairly represent most of the phases of thought and philosophic tendencies observable in the country. The fellows in their corporate capacity form the senate. The affairs of the university are conducted by the syndicate, consisting of a limited number of members elected from among the fellows. The faculties comprise arts and philosophy, law, medicine, and civil engineering. A degree in natural and physical science has more recently been added " (Sir R Temple India in 1880, p. 145). The Punjab university was incorporated in 1883, the Punjab University College, prior to that date, having conferred titles only and not degrees. The main object of this university is the encouragement of the study of the Oriental lanmages and literature, and the rendering accessible to native students the results of European scientific teaching through the medium of their own vernacular. The Oriental faculty is here the oldest, and the degree of B.O.L. (bachelor of Oriental literature) is given as the result of its examinations. At the Oriental College the instruction is given wholly in the native languages. In 1887 the senate at Cambridge (mainly on the representations of Mr C. P Ilbert formerly vice-chancellor of the university of Calcutta) adopted resolutions whereby some forty-nine collegiate institutions already affiliated to the latter body were affiliated to the university of Cam bridge, their students thus becoming entitled to the remission of one year m the ordinary statutable requirements with respect to residence at Cambridge. It is at these institutions, and the colleges the first or second grade in the other presidencies, that the instruction is given. A l n ^ u , stral j a > the university of Sydney was incorporated by an Act of the colonial legislature which received the royal assent 9th December 1851, and on 27th February 1858 a royal charter was granted conferring on graduates of the university the same rank Vi 6 - "2r Pr ec . eden ce a s are enjoyed by graduates of universities within the United Kingdom. Sydney is also one of the institutions associated with the university of London from which certificates of having received a due course of instruction may be received with a view to admission to degrees. There are four faculties, viz., arts law, medicine, and science. The design of the university is to supply the means of a liberal education to all orders and denomina tions, without any distinction whatever. An Act for the purpose of facilitating the erection of colleges in connexion with different religious bodies was, however, passed by the legislature during the session of 1884, and since that time colleges representing the Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic Churches have been founded. In 1885 the total number of students attending lectures in the university was 206. The university of Melbourne, Mel- m the colony of Victoria, was incorporated and endowed by royal bourne. Act 22d January 1853. This Act was amended 7th June 1881. Here also no religious tests are imposed on admission to any decree or election to any oflice. The council is empowered, after due examination, to confer degrees in all the faculties (excepting divinity) which can be conferred in any university within the British dominions. It is also authorized to affiliate colleges; and Trinity College (Church of England) was accordingly founded in 1870 and Ormond College (Presbyterian) in 1879. The founding of a university for Queensland is at the present time in contemplatfon. The university of Adelaide in Soutli Australia (founded mainly Adelaide, by the exertions and munificence of Sir AValter Watson Hughes) was incorporated by an Act of the colonial legislature in 1874, iu which year it was further endowed by Sir Thomas Elder. In 1881 letters patent were granted by the English crown whereby degrees conferred by the university were constituted of equal validity with those of any university of the United Kingdom. The faculties in the university are those of arts, medicine, law, science, and music. The number of matriculations since the foundation amounted in 1886 to 284, the number of undergraduates in that year being 90. The university of New Zealand, founded in 1870, and reconstituted New in 1874 and 1875, is empowered by royal charter to grant the Zealand. several degrees of bachelor and master of arts, and bachelor and doctor in law, medicine, and music. Women arc admitted to degrees. To this the Auckland University College, Nelson College, Canterbury College, and the university of Otago stand in 810 relation of affiliated institutions. This last-named institution was Otago. foanded in 1869 by an order of the provincial council, with the power of conferring degrees in arts, medicine, and law, and received as an endowment 100,000 acres of pastoral land. It was opened in 1871 with a staff of three professors, all in the faculty of arts. In 1872 the provincial council further subsidized it by a grant of a second 100,000 acres of land, and the university was now enabled to make considerable additions to the staff of professors and lecturers, to establish a lectureship in law, and to lay the founda tions of a medical school. In 1874 an agreement was made between the university of New Zealand and that of Otago, whereby the functions of the former were restricted to the examination of candidates for matriculation, for scholarships, and for degrees; while the latter bound itself to become affiliated to the university of New Zealand, to hold in abeyance its power of granting degrees, and to waive the claim which it had advanced to a royal charter! As the result of this arrangement, the university of Otago became possessed of 10,000 acres of land which had been set apart for university purposes in the former province of Southland. In 1877 a school of mines was established in connexion with the university. In Canada the M Gill College and University at Montreal was Montreal. founded by royal charter in 1821 (amended in 1852) on the founda tion of the Honourable James M Gill, who died at Montreal 19th December 1813. A number of colleges and schools throughout the province stand in the relation of affiliated institutions. The university is Protestant but undenominational. It includes the acuities of arts, applied sciences, medicine, and law. In 1885 the total number of students, including women, was 526. The uni- Toronto, versity of Toronto was originally established by royal charter in 1827, under the title of King s College, with certain religious restrictions, resembling those at that time in force at the English universities, but in 1834 these restrictions were abolished, and in 1849 the designation of the university was changed into that of the university of Toronto. In 1873 further amendments were made in the constitution of the university. The chancellor was made elective for a period of three years by convocation, which was at the same time reorganized so as to include all graduates in aw, medicine, and surgery, all masters of arts, and bachelors of arts of three years standing, all doctors of science, and bachelors of science of three years standing. The powers of the senate were also extended to all branches of literature, science, and the arts,
- o granting certificates of proficiency to women, and to affiliating
colleges. The work of instruction is performed by University Jollege, which is maintained out of the endowment of the provincial iniversity, and governed by a council composed of the residents ind the professors. Its several chairs include classical literature, ogic and rhetoric, mathematics and natural philosophy, chemistry and experimental philosophy, history and English literature, mineralogy and geology, metaphysics and ethics, meteorology and natural history, and lectureships on Oriental literature, German,
French. Other universities and colleges with power to confer
