no material modification is either made or attempted on the doctrines of Calvinism, which he received with all simplicity of faith, as he believed them to be revealed in the Divine word, and which lie defended as in harmony with the most profound philosophy of human nature and of the Divine providence.
The character of Dr Chalmers s intellect was eminently practical. The dearest object of his earthly existence was the elevation of the common people. Poor-laws appeared to him as calculated to retard this elevation ; ho therefore strenuously resisted their introduction. The Church of Scotland appeared to him as peculiarly fitted to ad vance it ; he spoke, he wrote, he laboured in its defence and exten sion. " I have no veneration," he said to the royal commissioners in St Andrews, before either the Voluntary or the Non-intrusion controversies had arisen, "I have no veneration for the Church of Scotland quasi an establishment, but I have the utmost veneration for it quasi an instrument of Christian good." Forcing that church to intrude unacceptable ministers, and placing her in spiritual sub jection to the civil power, in his regard stripped her as such an in strument of her strength, and he resolutely but reluctantly gave her up.
It is as a mover of his fellow men, as the reviver of evangelistic feeling in Scotland, and as a leader in the great movement which terminated in the erection of the Free Church, that Dr Chalmers will fill the largest place in the eye of posterity, and occupy a niche in the history of Scotland and of the church. Various elements combined to clothe him with public influence a childlike, guile less, transparent simplicity, the utter absence of everything facti tious in matter or manner a kindliness of nature that made him flexible to every human sympathy a chivalry of sentiment that raised him above all the petty jealousies of public life a firmness of purpose that made vacillation almost a thing impossible, a force of will and general momentum that bore all that was movable before it a vehement utterance and overwhelming eloquence that gave him the command of the multitude, a scientific reputation that won for him the respect and attention of the more educated the legislative faculty that framed measures upon the broadest prin ciples, the practical sagacity that adapted them to the ends they were intended to realize the genius that in new and difficult cir cumstances could devise, coupled with the love of calculation, the capacity for business details, and the administrative talent that fitted him to execute a purity of motive that put him above all suspicion of selfishness, and a piety unobtrusive but most profound, simple yet intensely ardent.
CHALONER, Sir Thomas (1515-1565), a statesman and poet, of a noble Welsh family, was born in 1515. Under Henry VIII. he was sent as ambassador to Charles V., whom he accompanied on his unfortunate expedition against Algiers in 1541. On his return he was appointed to the office of first clerk of the council. He gained the friendship of the duke of Somerset ; but after his fall he was obliged to live in retirement, and during the reign of Mary his Protestantism still kept him from the court. On the accession of Elizabeth he was received into high favour, and appointed ambassador, first to the Emperor Ferdinand I., and then to the court of Spain, where, however, he found himself so uncomfortable that after three years stay he obtained permission to return home in 1564. He died the following year. Chaloner enjoyed considerable reputa tion as a poet, and left Poetical Works, De Republica Anglorum Instauranda, the Praise of Folie (from the Latin of Erasmus), In Laudem Henrici Octavi Carmen Panegyricum, the Office of Servants (from the Latin of Cognatus), and some other small pieces.
CHÂLON-SUR-SAONE, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Saone-et-Loire, 81 miles by rail north of Lyons. It is a neat and well- built town, situated in an extensive plain on the right bank of the Saone, at the junction of the Canal du Centre, and connected by a fine stone bridge with the suburb of St Laurent on an island in the river. Its principal buildings are the cathedral of St Vincent, a Gothic edifice of the latter part of the 14th century, on the site of a church founded about 532 ; the church of St Pierre, with two lofty steeples; the hospitals of St Laurent and St Louis; the town hall, the market, and the courthouse. Ar obelisk was erected in the 18th century to commemorate the opening of the canal. There are tribunals of primary instance and commerce, an exchange, a communal college, a school of design, a public library, and societies for agriculture, history, archaeology, and arts. The industrial establish ments are extensive and various, comprising docks, flour- mills, sugar factories, glass-works, distilleries, breweries, and tile-works ; and the transit trade, both with the north and south of France, is of the greatest importance. There ia also manufactured in the town the essence d orient, a preparation from the scales of the bleak (Cyprinus albnrnus}, employed in the fabrication of mock pearls.
Chalon-sur-Saone is identified with the ancient Cabillonum, ori ginally a town of the .^Edui. It was chosen in the 6th century by Gontram, king of Burgundy, as his capital ; and it continued till the 10th to pay for its importance by being frequently sacked. The bishop, first appointed in the 4th century, obtained the title of count in the 12th, and retained it to the Revolution. In its modern history, the most important fact is the service the town rendered in the defence of the French territory in 1814, by keeping in check a division of the Austrian army. Population in 1872, 20,055.
CHÂLONS-SUR-MARNE, a town of France, capital of the department of Marne, is situated mainly on the right bank of the river, here crossed by a fine stone bridge, 107 miles E. of Paris on the railway to Strasburg, and 25 S. of Rheims by another line, in 48 57 21* N. hit. and 4 21 27" E. long. It occupies a considerable area for its population, and is rather irregularly laid out ; many of its streets are broad, and it has fine public walks. Among its principal buildings may be mentioned the cathedral of St Etienne, originally founded in the 12th century on the site of an earlier church, but in several portions dating only from the 1 7th ; the churches of Notre Dame, St Alpin, St Jean, and St Louis, belonging respectively to the 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries ; the town-house, which was erected in 1771 ; the prefecture, formerly the palace of the count of Artois ; the barracks of St Pierre, on the site of the Benedictine abbey ; the public library ; and the industrial school. The town is the seat of a bishopric, and has tribunals of primary instance and commerce, a com munal college, two theological seminaries, a normal school, a theatre, a museum, a botanical garden, and societies of agriculture, commerce, arts, and sciences. To the east of the town lies a large public park of 19 acres, known as the Jard, which was stripped of its trees during the war of 1870-1 ; and beyond the river is the Church of St Prudentienne, annually in the month of May the rendezvous of about 50,000 pilgrims. Chalons has long been an important industrial centre. As early as the 14th century, it was famous for its woollen cloth, which was known by the name of the town, afterwards corrupted into "shalloon;" and in the 18th it maintained an extensive manufacture of linen goods of various kinds. Besides these industries, it now carries on tanning and shoemaking, and the manufac ture of cotton cloth and hosiery, while at the same time it is one of the principal seats of the champagne wine trade. The annual export amounts on an average to 1,000,000 bottles, and the cellars of Jacquesson et Fils have storage room for 3,000,000. About six miles east of the town is the beautiful church of XotreDame de 1 Epine, which was built in the 15th century, and restored in 1860. Population in 1872, 16,436.
Chalons-sur-Marne occupies the site of the chief town of the Catalauni, which became signalized by the defeat of Attila in the terrible conllict of 451. In 643 it was laid waste by Herbert of Vermandois, in 931 by Ralph of Burgundy, and in 947 by Robert of Vermandois ; but in the four following centuries it attained great prosperity as a kind of independent state under the supremacy of its bishops, who held a most influential position in the kingdom, and obtained the title of grand- vassals of the crown. In 1214 the men of Chalons appeared in the first rank in the battle of Bouvines ; and in the 15th century their descendants maintained their honour by twice (in 1430 and 1434) repulsing the English from their walls. In the 16th century the town sided with Henry IV., who in 1589 transferred thither the parliament of Paris, which shortly after ward was bold enough to burn the bulls of Gregory XIV. and Clement VIII. In 1814 the Prussians took possession of the town
