after the expulsion of Macdonald, and in 1815 it was captured by Chernicheff. In 1856 Napoleon established a large camp, known as the Camp of Chalons, about 16 miles north of the town by the railway to Rheims. It was situated in the immediate neighbourhood of Grand Mourmelon and Petit Mourmelon, and occupied an area of 12,000 hectares or 29,650 acres. The troops were principally accommodated in tents, but also partly in wooden barracks. At the outbreak of the Franco-German war, the camp was occupied by the sixth army corps, under Canrobert, and it was afterwards held by MacMahon. On 22d August 1870, the town of Chalons was occupied by the Prussians, and in the course of the war it formed an important point of communication.
CHALOTAIS. See La Chalotais.
CHALYBÄUS, Heinrich Moritz (1796-1862), a dis tinguished German writer on philosophy, was born on the 3d July 1796. The facts of his life are few and unim portant. For some years after completing his university education he acted as lecturer in the Kreuz-Schule at Dresden, and while there his lectures on the history of philosophy in Germany, delivered before large audiences, drew attention to his rare merits as a thinker and writer. In 1839 he was called to a Professorship in Kiel University, where, with the exception of one brief interval, he remained till his death on 2d September 1862. His first published work, Historische Entwickelung der spekulativen Philosophic von Kant bis Hegel, 1837, was extremely popular, and still retains its place as one of the best and most attractive expositions of modern German thought. It has been twice translated into English, by Tulk in 185-4, and by Edersheim in 1860. His other writings are Phdnome nologische Blatter, 1841 ; Die mod-erne Sophistik, 1843 ; Entivurf eines Systems der Wissenschaftslehre, 1846 ; System der spekulativen Ethik, 2 vols., 1850; Philosophic und Christenthum, 1853; Fundamental - Philosophic, 1861. Of these the most important are the Wissenschaftslehre and the Ethik. Chalybaus s general principle may be named Ideal-Realism. He opposes both the extreme realism of Herbart and what he calLs the one-sided idealism of Hegel, and endeavours to find a mean between them, to discover the ideal or formal principle which unfolds itself in the real or material world presented to it. His Wissenschaftslehre, accordingly, divides itself into three parts, Prindplehre, or theory of the one principle; Vermittelungslehre, or theory of the means by which this principle realizes itself; and Teleologie. The most noticeable point is the position assigned by Chalybaus to the " World Ether," which is defined as the infinite in time and space, and which, he thinks, must be posited as necessarily coexisting with the Infinite Spirit or God. The System der Ethik is perhaps the richest and most thorough-going modern work on moral philosophy. The fundamental principle is carried out with great strength of thought, and with an unusually complete command of ethical material. A brief but satisfactory account of Chalybaus will be found in Erclmann, Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophic, ii. 781-786.
CHÁMBÁ, a feudatory state of Northern India, sub ordinate to the Punjab Government, situated between 32 D 10 and 33 9 N. lat., and between 75 54 and 76 30 E. long. Chamba is bounded on the N. by a range of mountains, separating it from the province of Zaskar in Kashmir ; on the E. by the outlying British pargands of Bangahal and Lahaul, belonging to Kangra district ; on the S. by mountain ranges which separate it from the Kangra valley; and on the W. by the provinces of Jammu and Kistwar in Kashmir. In shape the state is an oblong, its eastern and western sides being about 65 miles in length, and its mean width about 50 miles. It is traversed from east to west by a lofty range which divides it into two distinct valleys. The northern of these valleys is drained by the Chinab, which, rising in Lahaul, passes through Chamba into Kashmir territory, having a general direction from south-east to north-west. The southern valley is drained by the Ravi, of which one head is in Chambd territory, and the other in Bangahal. The two branches unite a short distance below Barmur in Chamba. The river then flows eastwards till close to Dalhousie it turns southwards, and after forming the boundary of the state for some distance, enters the plains of the Punjab. The estimated population of the state is 140,000 souls, and the estimated gross revenue, 18,937. The annual tribute payable to the British Government is 500. Owing to the abdication of the late rajd and the succession of his son, a lad of seven years of age, the administration of the state passed under the direct control of the British Government in 1872-73, an arrangement which will con tinue during the minority of the young chief. The only towns in the state are Chdmba and Barmur situated on the Ravi, and Kilar on the Chinab. The British sanitarium of Dalhousie is within the limits of the state, situated upon ground purchased from the chiefs. The principal agri cultural products are wheat and millet ; among the other products are timber, wax, nuts, honey, lime, and slate from quarries near Dalhousie. The extensive forests are leased by the British Government, and are under the management of the Punjab Forest Department.
CHAMBERLAIN (Latin camerarius, from camera, a chamber; French chambellan), etymologically, and also his torically to a large extent, an officer who superintends the arrangement of domestic affairs. Such were the chamber lains of monasteries, and the chamberlains of cathedrals, who had charge of the finances, gave notice of chapter meetings, and provided the materials required for various services. A royal chamberlain is an officer whose function is in general to attend on the person of the sovereign, and regulate the etiquette of the palace. The Roman emperors appointed this officer under the title of cvbicidarius. Dur ing the Middle Ages, the royal chamberlain usually en- joysd the important privilege of keeping the king s signet ring ; and it seems that the mayoralty of the palace, which gradually acquired such an authority as to overthrow the Merovingian dynasty in France, grew out of an office corre sponding to that of the chamberlain. The chamberlain of the Pope enjoys very extensive powers, having the revenues of the church under his charge. In France, the office existed from very early times till the reign of Louis XIV., and was revived by Napoleon.
The Lord Great Chamberlain of England originally took rank after the Lord Privy Seal. The office is hereditary, and belonged at one time to the De Veres, from whom it descended by the female line into the family of Bertie. On the death of the fourth duke of Ancaster in 1777, it passed to the houses of Cholmondeley and Willoughby d Eresby. From these families alternately a Lord Great Chamberlain is appointed on the death of the reigning monarch. The principal duties of this office are to take charge of the houses of parliament, and to attend on the sovereign at his coronation.
The Lord Chamberlain is an officer distinct from the Lord Great Chamberlain, and of greater importance, though his functions are less responsible than they were formerly. He is regarded as chief officer of the royal household; he has charge of a large number of appointments, such as those of the royal physicians, tradesmen, and private attendants of the sovereign ; he is licenser of plays ; and he examines the claims of those who desire to be presented at court. He is a member of the privy council, and holds office during the ascendency of the political party to which he belongs.
important in England is the chamberlain of the corpora tion of the city of London, who is treasurer of the corpora
tion, admits persons entitled to the freedom of the e ty,
