1263. Battle of Largs,—defeat of Norwegians by Alexander III. of Scotland.
1264. Battle of Lewes,—Earl Simon defeats Henry III. and takes him prisoner.
1265. Clement IV. pope. Deputies of the commons sit in the parliament of England. Battle of Evesham,—defeat and death of Earl Simon. Birth of Dante (died, 1321). (?) Birth of Duns Scotus (died, 1308). Manfred, king of Sicily, defeated by Charles of Anjou; defeated again and killed by his rival, 1266. Composition of gunpowder known to Roger Bacon.
1266. Roger Bacon sends his Opus Majus to Pope Clement IV. Sagarelli, leader of the Apostolic Brethren, begins preaching in Parma.
1267. Treaty of Viterbo, between the dethroned emperor Baldwin, Charles of Anjou, and William prince of Achaia.
1268. Edward of England takes the cross at Council of Northampton. Conradin defeated by Charles of Anjou at Tagliacozza and beheaded at Naples.
1269. Pragmatic Sanction, restricting the power of the Pope in France, promulgated by St Louis.
1270. St Louis sets out for the crusade, and dies before Tunis. Philip III., the Bold, king of France. Birth of William of Occam about this time (died about 1350).
1271. Gregory X. pope, after two years' vacancy. Journey of Marco Polo to the court of Kublai Khan.
1272. Edward I. king of England.
1273. Rudolph of Hapsburg emperor.
1274. Fourteenth General Council (second of Lyons); union of Greek and Roman Churches effected. New regulation of papal election.
1275 (circa). Arabic numerals used in treatise on the Astrolabe by Macha-Allah.
1276. Innocent V., Adrian V., and John XX. (XXI.) popes. Birth of Giotto (died, 1337).
1277. Nicholas III. pope.
1279. Statute of Mortmain passed in England.
1280. Conquest of China by Moguls completed.
1281. Martin IV. pope. Treaty of Orvieto, between the Pope, the king of Naples, and Venice, for conquest of the Greek empire.
1282. The “Sicilian Vespers,”—massacre of the French in Sicily; end of Angevine rule. Andronicus II. emperor of the East. Conquest and settlement of Wales by Edward I. Formation of the Zuyder Zee by inundation of the sea. Union of Greek and Roman churches annulled by Andronicus II.
1283. Statute of Rhuddlan (Statute of Wales) enacted. Conquest of Prussia by Teutonic knights completed.
1284. Charles of Anjou defeated and captured by Roger de Loria, grand admiral of Sicily.
1285. Honorius IV. pope. Philip IV., the Bold, king of France. Death of Charles of Anjou.
1286. Margaret of Norway queen of Scots; a regency during her minority. Sagarelli banished from Parma.
1288. Nicholas IV. pope.
1289. Marriage-treaty of Prince Edward of England and Margaret queen of Scots concluded. Dante present at battle of Campaldino.
1290. Expulsion of Jews from England by Edward I. Death of Margaret of Norway on her way to Scotland. Edward I. appointed arbitrator between Baliol and Bruce, competitors for the Scottish crown, 1291.
1291. Capture of Acre by Malek al Aschraf, sultan of Egypt. Final loss of the Holy Land. Conference of Edward I. with northern barons at Norham. Beginnings of Swiss confederation. Seizure and imprisonment of Italian bankers in France.
1292. Adolphus of Nassau emperor. John (Baliol) king of Scots. He does homage to Edward I. at Newcastle, December 26.
1294. Celestine V. pope, after vacancy of more than two years; abdicates. Boniface VIII. pope, December. Death of Kublai Khan. Masoud II., last sultan of Iconium, defeated and slain by the Moguls, and the sultanate divided.
1295. Final organization of English parliament. Return of Marco Polo to Venice. Premislas, duke of Poland, crowned king.
1296. Boniface VIII. publishes the bull Clericis laicos, January; republished, August 18. Philip issues an edict prohibiting exportation of gold, silver, provisions, &c., without consent of the Crown, August 17. Boniface publishes a second bull, Ineffabilis, September. Conquest of Scotland by Edward I.; surrender of Baliol; interregnum, 1296–1306. The Persian poet Saadi dies about this time.
1297. Battle of Stirling,—victory of Wallace. St Louis canonized by Boniface VIII. The Great Charter confirmed by Edward I. Boniface publishes a bull against the Colonna family; after their reply he passes sentence of degradation, excommunication, and confiscation.
1298. Deposition of the Emperor Adolphus. Albert I. succeeds. Battle of Falkirk,—victory of Edward. Peace between England and France. The Pope proclaims a crusade against the Colonnas.
1299. Palestrina surrendered by the Colonnas to Boniface. Intervention of Boniface in affairs of Scotland by bull of June 27.
1300. Centennial Jubilee proclaimed by Pope Boniface VIII.; he assumes the motto Ecce duo gladii. Sagarelli burnt by the Inquisition at Parma. Siege of Caerlaverock by Edward I.
1301. Quarrel between Boniface VIII. and Philip the Fair begins. Excommunication of Philip. Title of Prince of Wales conferred on the son of Edward I.
1302. The parliament of Lincoln replies to the Pope's bull. Philip burns the Pope's bull, January 2. States-General of France, representative of the three estates, constituted by Philip IV., April. “Battle of Spurs,” the French defeated at Courtrai by the Flemings, July. Philip issues an edict condemning the Inquisition, October.
1303. The emperor Albert promulgates at Nuremberg a Golden Bull, July. The Pope arrested by William of Nogaret at Anagni, September 7; rescued by the people; dies at Rome, October 11. Cession of Guienne to Edward I. by Philip the Fair. Benedict XI. pope. The Catalan Grand Company, formed by Roger di Flor, arrives at Constantinople.
1304. Stirling taken by Edward I. Submission of Scotland. Birth of Petrarch (died, 1374). The bulls against France revoked. Victory of Philip the Fair over the Flemings at Mons-en-Puelle.
1305. Clement V. pope. The Knights Templars denounced. Wallace put to death by Edward I., August 23.
1306. Murder of Comyn at Dumfries. Robert Bruce crowned king of Scotland. Roger di Flor assassinated at Adrianople.
1307. Excommunication of Bruce by papal legate at parliament of Carlisle. Edward II. king of England. Fra Dolcino, with Margarita, tortured and burnt at Vercelli. Arrest of Knights Templars in France and England. Battle of Apros,—victory of the Catalans over the Byzantine army.
1308. Assassination of the emperor by John of Austria. Henry VII. (of Luxembourg) succeeds him. Death of Duns Scotus.
1309. The Pope removes to Avignon. Robert of Anjou crowned king of Naples by the Pope. Sire de Joinville writes his history of Louis IX. Commission for trial of the Templars opens at Paris, August 7.
1310. Conquest of Rhodes by the knights of St John. Persecution of the memory of Boniface VIII. by Philip. Dante publishes his De Monarchia about this time. Fifty-four Templars burnt at Paris.
1311–12. Fifteenth General Council, held at Vienne, October to November. Dissolution of order of Templars decreed. Condemnation of the Beghards. Rescript of the emperor defining relations of Swiss confederation to Austria and the empire. University of Orleans founded.
1313. Death of the emperor Henry VII., followed by interregnum. Birth of Boccaccio (died, 1375). Canonization of Celestine V. by Clement V. Death of Clement V. Stirling Castle besieged by Edward Bruce.
1314. Jacques de Molay, grand-master of the Templars, burnt at Paris. Frederick III. (duke of Austria) and Louis V. (IV.) (duke of Bavaria), rival emperors. Louis X. (Hutin) king of France. Battle of Bannockburn,—victory of Robert Bruce over Edward II. June 24. Stirling Castle given up.
1315. Battle of Morgarten,—victory of Swiss confederation over Leopold, duke of Austria. Final defeat of the Catalan Grand Company.
1316. John XXII. pope. John I. king of France four days. Philip V. king of France. Battle of Athenry,—victory of the English over the Irish.
1317. Mediation of the Pope between England and Scotland rejected by Bruce. Bruce excommunicated and Scotland laid under interdict.
1318. Edward Bruce defeated and killed at Dundalk.
1320. Insurrection of the peasantry (the Pastoureaux) in France, June. Conference of Robert of Naples with the Pope at Avignon. The Scottish parliament appeals to the Pope.
1321. Persecution of the lepers in France. Robert of Naples declared vicar of Italy during abeyance of the empire.
1321–1328. Civil wars between rival emperors of the East, Andronicus the elder and the younger.
1322. Charles IV. king of France. Battle of Mühldorf,—Frederick duke of Austria defeated and captured by the Emperor Louis.
1323. Thirteen years' truce between England and Scotland. The Floral Games instituted at Toulouse. Diet at Frankfort; issues proclamation denying necessity of the pope's consent to election of emperor, and his right to govern the empire in a vacancy.
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CHRONOLOGY
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