Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/761

1808-1818.] CHRONOLOGY 747 Sultan Selim deposed by Janissaries, May 29; llustapha IV. succeeds. Napoleon defeats the Russians at Friedland, June 14. Conference of the emperors Alexander and Napoleon near Tilsit, June 25. Peace of Tilsit, July 7 and 9. Death of the Cardinal York, last of the Stuarts, July 13. Jerome Bonaparte made king of Westphalia, August 18. Bombardment of Copenhagen by English fleet, Sep tember 2-5 ; surrender of Danish fleet. Evacuation of Egypt by British forces, September. French invasion of Portugal, Novem ber ; Lisbon entered, November 30. The Piince Regent and Royal family of Portugal embark for Brazil, November 29. Rupture be tween Great Britain and Russia, November-December. French troops enter Spain, December. The kingdom of Etruria seized by Napoleon, December 10. Napoleon publishes the Milan decree, December 18. The asteroid Vesta discovered by Olbers. Zoological Society of London instituted. Hegel s Phdnomenologie dcs Gcistes published. Moore s Irish Melodies. 1808. Napoleon occupies Rome, February 2. A new nobility created in France by Napoleon, March 11. Abdication of Charles IV. of Spain in favour of Ferdinand, prince of Asturias, March 19. Murat enters Madrid, March 23. Insurrection at Madrid, May 2. Treaty of Bayonne between Charles IV. and Napoleon, May 5. Abdication of Ferdinand, May 6. Joseph Bonaparte made king of Spain, June 6. Siege of Saragossa by the French begun, June 15. Murat made king of Naples, July 15. Battle of Baylen, July 21. Sir Arthur Weliesley lands in Spain, August 1. Siege of Saragossa raised, August 4. Battle of Vimeira, Weliesley defeats the French, August 21. Convention of Cintra. Conference of Alexander and Napoleon at Erfurt, September 27-Octoberl4. Mustapha IV. deposed and murdered, November 15 ; Mahmoud II. succeeds. Madrid entered by Napoleon, December 4. Abolition of Spanish Inqui sition, December 4. Saragossa again bombarded by the French, December 20. Retreat of Sir John Moore begun, December 24. Finland incorporated with Russia. Manby s apparatus for saving life in shipwreck invented. Scott s Marmion published. 1509. Treaty of peace between Great Britain and Turkey, January 5. Battle of Corufia ; death of Sir John Moore, January 16. Sara gossa stormed by the French, January 27. Conduct of the duke of York investigated by parliament, January-March. War between Russia and Turkey, February. The lines of Travancore stormed by English, February 10-21. James Madison president of United States, March 4. Gustavus IV. of Sweden deposed, March 29 ; Charles XIII. succeeds. Oporto taken by Soult, March 29. Revolt of Tyrol under Hofer, April 8. Invasion of Bavaria by Atistrians, April 1 1 . Passage of the Douro by Wellington ; occupation of Oporto, May 12. Napoleon enters Vienna, May 13. States of the Church annexed to France, May 17. Battle of Aspern, May 21-22. Charles XIII. king of Sweden, June 6. Napoleon excom municated by the Pope, June 10. Arrest of the Pope, July 5. Battle of Wagram, "July 6. Battle of Talavera, July 27-28. English ex pedition to Walcheren sails, July 28. Finland ceded to Russia, August 7. Flushing taken by the English, August 16. Peace of Vienna between France and Austria, October 14. Perceval admini stration formed, October 30. Divorce of the Empress Josephine, December 15. Evacuation of Walcheren by the English, December 23. The Quarterly Review commenced (February). 1510. Guadaloupe and Amboyna taken by the English, February. Marriage of Napoleon with Archduchess Maria Louisa, April 1. Sir F. Bunlett committed to the Tower, April 9. Silistria taken by Russians, June 23. Holland annexed to France, July 10. Massena takes Ciudad Rodrigo, July 12. Bernadotte chosen crown prince of Sweden, August 21. Battle of Busaco, September 27. Wellington s army within the lines of Torres Vedras, October 10. Insanity of George III., November. Mauritius taken by English, December 3. University of Berlin founded. Sect of Primitive Methodists founded by Hugh Bourne. Madame de Stael s De 1 Alhmarjne published. Hahnemann s Organon. 1511. Tortosa taken by Suchet, January 2. The Regency Bill (Great Britain) passed, February 5. Death of Maskelyne, February 9 (born, 1732). Massacre of the Mamelukes at Cairo by Mehemet Ali, March 1. Badajoz surrenders to the French, March 10. Battle of Fuentes d Onore, May 4, 5. Battle of Albuera, May 16. Java conquered by the English, August 26. Death of Bishop Percy, September 30 (born, 1728). Luddite riots at Nottingham begin, November. Great comet visible for four months. Bell Rock light house built by Stevenson. National School Society founded. Niebuhr s Romische Gcschichte published. 1812. Wellington storms Ciudad Rodrigo, January 19 ; invests Badajoz, March 16 ; storms the town, April 6. New Spanish con stitution promulgated by the Cortes, March 18. Assassination of Mr Perceval, May 11. Peace of Bucharest between Russia and Turkey, the Prutli declared the boundary of the two empires, May 28. The Liverpool administration formed, June 8. The United States declare war against Great Britain, June 18. Napoleon declares war against Russia, June 22. Treaties of peace between Great Britain, Sweden, and Russia, July 18. Battle of Salamanca, July 22. Madrid entered by Wellington, August 12. Smolensko taken by the French, August 17. Battle of Borodino (the Moskwa), Sep tember 7. Moscow entered by Napoleon, the :ity burnt, Septem ber 14. Moscow evacuated by the French, October 19. Bell s steam-vessel sails on the Clyde. Iodine discovered. Coleridge s Tlie Friend published. First two cantos of Childe Harold. Hegel s Logik. 1813. Fourteen Luddites executed at York, January 10. Con cordat between Napoleon I. and Pius VII., January 25. Abolition of Spanish Inquisition by the Cortes, February 12. Fifth coalition against France, March 1. James Madison president of United States (second term), March 4. Battle of Liitzen, May 2. Battle of Bautzen, May 20-21. Hamburg seized by Davoust, May 30. Capture of U.S. frigate "Chesapeake" by H.M.S. "Shannon," June 1. Battle of Vittoria, June 21. Battles of the Pyrenees, July 25-30. Battles of Dresden, August 24, 25, and 27. St Se- bastian stormed by Wellington, August 31. Treaty of Toplitz ; alliance of Kussia, Austria, and Prussia, September 9. Wellington passes the Bidassoa, and invades France, October 7. Battle of Leipsic, October 16, 18, 19. Neutrality of Switzerland proclaimed, Novembers. The French evacuate German} , November 22. Wil liam, prince of Orange recalled, December 1. Electric light dis covered by Davy. Shelley s Queen Mab published. Southey s Life of Nelson. 1814. Bolivar chief of republic of Venezuela, January 1. Ces sion of Norway to Sweden by treaty of Kiel, January 14. 1 ius YIL dismissed from Fontainebleau, January 22. Death of Fichte, Janu ary 27. Battle of Orthez, February 27. Treaty of Claremont, March 1. Capitulation of Paris, March 31. Entry of the allied sovereigns. Deposition of Napoleon by the senate, April 1. Battle of Toulouse, April 10. Abdication of Napoleon, April 11, Louis XVIII. enters Paris (the first Restoration), May 3. Napoleon lands in Elba, May 4. Ferdinand VII. annuls the constitution, May 4 ; enters Madrid, May 14. The Pope enters Rome, May 24. Peace of Paris, May 30. Invasion of Canada by Americans, July. Annexation of Belgium to Holland agreed to, July 21. The In quisition re-established in Spain, July 21. Capture and burning of Washington by General Ross, August 24. Hanover erected into a kingdom, October 11. Congress of Vienna opens, November 3. Peace of Ghent between Great Britain and United States, December 24. New Orleans attacked by Sir E. Pakenham, December 27. New Corn Law passed in England. Order of Jesuits re-established by Pius VII. Wordsworth s Excursion published. Scott s Wavcr- Icy. 1815. Battle of New Orleans, January 8. Napoleon escapes from Elba, February 26 ; lands at Cannes, March 1. The kingdom of the Netherlands constituted ; William I. proclaimed king, March 16. Napoleon reaches Paris, March 20. "The Hundred Days." Treaty of Vienna between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, March 23. Murat begins war against Austria, March 28 ; he is defeated at Tolentino, May 2, 3 ; surrenders the kingdom of Naples to Ferdinand IV., May 20. Napoleon s new constitution accepted, June 1. German Confederation constituted by treaty of Vienna, June 8. Territorial settlement of Europe by Congress of Vienna, June 9. Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras, June 16. Battle of Waterloo, June 18. Second abdication of Napoleon I., June 22. The allies enter Paris, July 7. Return of Louis XVIII. to Paris (second Restoration), July 8. Surrender of Napoleon to Captain Mai tland of H M.S. " Bellerophon," July 15. Formation of the "Holy Alliance," September 26. A nival of Napoleon at St Helena, October 16. Ionian Islands placed under protection of Great Britain, November 5. Second Peace of Paris, November 20. Marshal Ney condemned to death by Chamber of Peers, December 6, and shot at Paris, December 7. The safety lamp invented by Davy. Scott s Guy Manncrinrj published. Wordsworth s White Doc, of Rijlstone. North American Review begun. 1816. Marriage of Princess Charlotte of England with Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, May 2. Select Committee on Education appointed, May 21. Death of Admiral Lord Hood, June 27 (born, 1724). Bombardment of Algiers by Admiral Lord Exmonth, August 26. Death of Earl Stanhope, December 15 (born, 1753). Electric telegraph invented by Ronalds. University of Warsaw founded. Cuvier s Regne Animal published. Scott s Antiquary and Old Mortal it >j. 1817. James Monroe president of United States, March 4. Sus pension of Habeas Corpus Act, March 4. The " Blanket Meeting at Manchester dispersed by the Military, March 11. The " Derby shire Insurrection," June 8, 9. Dissolution of the Mahratta Con federacy, June 13. Pius VII. condemns Bible Societies by bull of June 29. Death of Curran, October 14 (born, 1750). Death of Kosciuszko, October 15. Pindaree war begins, October. Death of Princess Charlotte, November 6. Holkar defeated by the English at battle of Mehudpore, December 21. Waterloo Bridge, London, opened. The kaleidoscope invented by Brewster. Shelley s Revolt of Islam published. Moore s Lnlla Rookh. Elackwood s Edinburgh Magazine commenced. 1818. The English conclude peace with Kolkar, January 6. Repeal of Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, January 31. Bernadotte (as

Charles XIV.) king of Sweden, February 6". Congress of Aix-l-