national board, a mechanics institute, a court-house aud prison, a fever hospital and dispensary, two lunatic asylums, a market-house, a workhouse, and barracks. Till the Union the woollen manufacture established in 1GG7 was extensively carried on. The town contains a brewery, flour-mills, and tanneries, publishes two newspapers, and has a considerable export trade in grain, cattle, butter, and provisions. The river is navigable for barges of 50 tons to Waterford. Clonmel is a station on the Waterford and Limerick Railway; it was the centre of a system, established by Mr Bianconi, for the conveyance of travellers on liglit iars, extending over a great part of Leinster, Munster, and Connaught. It is governed by a corporation, consisting of a mayor, free burgesses, and a commonalty, and returns one member to parliament. Population in 1851, 15,203 ;
in 1871, 10,112.
Cionmel, or Cluain mealla, the Vale of Honey, is a place of un doubted antiquity. In 1269 it was chosen as the seat of a Franciscan friary by Utho de Grandison, the first English possessor of the district: and it frequently comes into notice in the following centuries. In 1641 it declared for the Roman Catholic party, and in 1650 it was gallantly defended by Hugh O Xeal against the English under Cromwell. Compelled at last to capitulate, it was completely dismantled, and has never again been fortified. Sterne was born in the town in 1713.
CLOOTZ, Jean Baptiste, Baron (1755-1794), better known as Anacharsis Clootz, was born near Cleves. A baron by descent, and heir to a great fortune, he was sent at eleven to Paris to complete his education. There he imbibed the theories of his uncle, Cornelius de Pauw, and of the great anarchists of the epoch. He rejected his title and his baptismal names, adopted the pseudonym of Anacharsis from the famous philosophical romance of Abbe" Barth6lemy, and traversed Europe, preaching the new ideas as an apostle, and spending his money as a man of pleasure. On the breaking out of the Revolution he returned in 1789 to Paris. In the exercise of the function he assumed of " Orator of the Human Race," he demanded at the bar of the National Assembly a share in the federation for all nations, presenting at the same time a petition against the despots of the world. In 1792 ha placed 12.000 livres at the disposal of the Republic " for the arming of forty or fifty fighters in the sacred cause of man against tyrant." The 10th of August impelled him to a still higher flight ; he declared himself the personal enemy of Jesus Christ, abjured all revealed religions, and commenced preaching materialism. In the same month he had the rights of citizenship conferred on him ; and having in September been elected a member of the Convention, he voted the king s death in the name of the human race. Excluded at the instance of Robespierre from the Jacobin Club, he was soon afterwards implicated in an accusation levelled against Hebert and others. His innocence was manifest, but he was condemned and put to death.
Clootz left several works in which his extravagances are developed with much solemnity. The principal of these are La Certitude, des Prcuves du Mahometisme, LOrateur du Genre Humain, and La Repuhlique Universelle.
CLOT, Antoine (1795-1868), was born in the neighbourhood of Marseilles, and was brought up at the charity school of that town. After studying at Muntpellier he commenced to practise as surgeon in his native place ; but at the age of twenty-eight he was made chief surgeon to Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt. At Abuzabel, near Cairo, he founded a hospital and schools for all branches of medical instruction, as well as for the study of the French language ; and, notwithstanding the most serious religious difficulties, he prevailed on some of the Arabs to study anatomy by means of dissection. In 1832 Mehemet Ali gave him the dignity of bey without requiring him to abjure his religion ; and in 1836 he received the rank of general, and was appointed head of the medical administration of the country. In 1849 he_returned to Marseilles. Clot published Relation des epidemics de cholera qui out regne a VHeggiaz, & Suez, ct enEgypte (1832); De la peste observee en tigypte (1840); Aperfu general su>- I Egypte (1840); Coup d ceil sur la peste et les quaraiuaines (1851); De L ophtkalmie (1864).
CLOTILDA, Saint (475-5 io), was the daughter of Chilperic, king of Burgundy, and the wife of Clovis, king of the Franks. Her father, mother, and brothers were put to death by Gundebald, her uncle, but Clotilda was spared and educated. Gundebald opposed her marriage with Clovis, but by the aid of the clergy she escaped to the Frankish court (493), was married, and, having adhered all along to the pure Catholic faith of her mother, effected the conversion of Clovis to Christianity (49G). He lost no time in avenging the murder of his wife's parents; Gundebald was defeated, and became his tributary. After her husband's death Clotilda persuaded her three sons Clodomir, Childebert, and Clotaire to renew the quarrel, and to visit on Sigismund, Guudebald's son, his father's crime. The war which followed resulted in the union of Burgundy to the Frank empire. Clotilda retired to Tours, and practised there the austerities of a devout life till her death. She was buried in the Parisian church of St Genevieve, which Clovis had built, and was canonized a few years afterwards by Pelagius I. Her remains, preserved till the Revolution, were burned at that period by the devout Abbe" Rousselet, who dreaded their desecration; the ashes are now in the little church of St Leu. A statue of her adorns the Luxembourg, and a splendid church has recently been erected in her honour in Paris, not far from the spot where her bones rested during so many centuries. See France.
From Rugby, where he was a favourite pupil of Dr Arnold's, he passed in 1836 to Oxford ; and there, in spite of an almost unaccountable failure in some of his examinations, he attained a high reputation for scholarship, ability, and character. In 1842 he was chosen fellow of Oriel, and in 1843 appointed tutor in the same college; but he soon grew dissatisfied with his position, and ultimately decided that it was his duty to resign. Under the influence of the great religious fermentation which had been going on during his university career, ho had become deeply sceptical in his habits of thought ; and all connection seemed impossible with a system that interfered with the liberty of speculative investigation. After his resignation in 1848 he was for some time principal of University Hall, London. In 1852 he visited America, where he enjoyed the friendship of Longfellow and Emerson; and in the following year he was called home to accept an appointment as examiner in the Education Office of the Privy Council, During the succeeding years he was frequently abroad; and it was on a tour in Italy in 1861 that he was suddenly cut off by fever at Florence, Clough was a man of singular purity and integrity of character, with great sensitiveness of feeling, and fine subtlety of thought, at once reserved and retiring and full of a genial humanity of disposition, with much humour and mirthfulness, and yet capable of a righteous indignation that could hardly have been expected to find fuel in so kindly a breast. A disciple of the great master of Rugby, in the midst of his most relentless scepticism he maintained
a spirit of reverence and worship; and his most daring attacks on the popular creed are modified by an under current of toleration and diffidence. His poems are hw
