principal works, and of these the best known is the Bothie of Tober-na- Vuolich. It was written and published in 1848, after his removal from Oxford; and while warmly praised by such men as Cauou Kingsley it was condemned by others as immoral and communistic. The interest of the poem depends on its graphic description of Scottish scenery and the fine analysis of contrasted characters. Under the influence partly of Longfellow s Evangdine, which had been published in 1847, and partly of his own attachment to the old classical forms, he employed the so-called hexameter ; but it is seldom that he attains the tuneful cadence of the American poet, and much of the versification is rugged and broken in the extreme. Of greater power than the Bothie, at least in individual passages, is the strange irregular tragedy of Dipsychus, which shines at times with jagged fragments of satire and irony. Amours de Voyage, a rhymed epistolary novelette, and Marl Magno, a small collection of tales after the fashion of the Wai/side Inn, along with various minor poems, have been republished in the second volume of The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur H. dough, edited by his wife, and accompanied by a sketch of his life by F. T. Palgrave, 1869. These will probably do less to keep green the poet s name than the noble poem of Thyrsis, which Matthew Arnold dedicated to his memory. One work of importance remains to be mentioned, a careful and scholarly rehabilitation of
Dryden s Translation of Plutarch, published in 1859.CLOVES are the unexpanded flower-buds of Caryophyllus aromaticus, a tree belonging to the natural order M i/rtacece. They are so named from the French word clou, on account of their resemblance to a nail. The clove tree is a beauti ful evergreen which grows to a height of from 30 to 40 feet, having large oblong leaves and crimson flowers in numerous groups of terminal cymes. The flower-buds are at first of a pale colour and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collscting. Cloves are rather more than half an inch in length, and consist of a long cylindrical calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the centre. The tree is a native of the small group of islands in the Indian Archipelago called the Moluccas, or Spice Islands ; but it was long cultivated by the Dutch in Amboyna and two or three small neighbouring islands. Cloves were one of the principal Oriental spices which early excited the cupidity of Western commercial communities, having been the basis of a rich and lucrative trade from an early part of the Christian era. The Portuguese, by doubling the Cape of Good Hope, obtained possession of the principal portion of the clove trade, which they continued to hold for nearly a century, when, in 1605, they were expelled from the Moluccas by the Dutch. That power exerted great and inhuman efforts to obtain a complete monopoly of the trade, attempting to extirpate all the clove trees growing in their native islands, and to concentrate the whole pro duction in the Amboyna Islands. With great difficulty the French succeeded in introducing the clove tree into Mauritius in the year 1770; subsequently the cultivation was introduced into Guiana, and at the end of the century the trees were planted at Zanzibar. The chief commercial sources of supply are now Zanzibar and its neighbouring island Pemba on the East African coast, and Amboyna, Cloves are also grown in Java, Sumatra, Reunion, Guiana, and the West India Islands.
Cloves as they come into the market have a deep brown colour, a powerfully fragrant odour, and a taste too hot and acrid to be pleasant. When pressed with the nail they exude a volatile oil with which they are charged to the unusual proportion of about 18 per cent. The oil is obtained as a commercial product by submitting the clovea with water to repeated distillation. It is, when new and properly prepared, a pale yellow or almost colourless fluid, becoming after some time of a brown colour ; and it possesses the odour and taste peculiar to cloves. The essential oil of cloves is a mixture of two oils one a hydrocarbon isomeric with oil of turpentine, and the othei an oxygenated oil, eugenol or eugenic acid, which possesses the taste and odour of cloves. Cloves are employed principally as a condiment in culinary operations, in con fectionery, and in the preparation of liqueurs. In medicine they are tonic and carminative, but they are little used except as adjuncts to other substances on account of their flavour, or with purgatives to prevent nausea and griping. The essential oil forms a convenient medium for using cloves for flavouring or medicinal purposes, and it also is frequently employed to relieve toothache.
CLOVIO, Giulio (1498-1578), by birth a Croat and by profession a priest, is said to have learned the elements of design in his own country, and to have studied after wards with intense diligence at Rome under Giulio Romano, and at Verona under Girolamo de Libri. He excelled in historical pieces and portraits, painting as for microscopical examination, and yet contriving to handle his subjects with great force and precision. In the Vatican library is preserved a MS. life of Frederick, duke of Urbino, superbly illustrated by Clovio, who is facile princeps among Italian miniaturists.
CLOYNE (in Irish Cluain-Uamha, or the Meadow of the Cave), a market town and formerly an episcopal see of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and about four miles from the east side of Cork harbour. It is now a small place of 1200 inhabitants, but it still gives its name to a Roman Catholic diocese. The cathedral, which was founded in the 6th century by Colman, a disciple of Fin-Bane of Cork, is still in existence. It contains a few handsome monuments to its former bishops, but, singular to say, nothing to pre serve the memory of the illustrious Dr George Berkeley, who filled the see frcm 1734 to 1753. Opposite the cathedral is a very fine round tower still 96 feet in height, though the conical roof was destroyed by lightning in 1748, The Roman Catholic church is a spacious building with a highly decorated front. The town was several times plun dered by the Danes in the 9th century ; it was laid waste by Dermot O Brien in 1071, and was burned in 1137. In 1430 the bishopric was united to that of Cork; in 1638 it again became independent, and in 1660 it was again united to Cork and Ross. In 1678 it was once more de clared independent, and so continued till 1835, when it was again joined to Cork and Ross. The Pipe Roll of Cloyne, compiled by Bishop Swafi ham in 1364, is a very remarkable record, embracing a full account of the feudal tenures of the see, the nature of the impositions, and the duties the puri homines Sancti Colmani were bound to per form at a very early period. The roll is now in the Record Office, Dublin. It was edited by Richard Caulfield in 1 859.
the institution of clubs and private companies to the earliest, or one of the earliest, rulers or legislators of whom they have retained any memory. Indeed such associations seem, as Addison has said, " to be a natural and necessary offshoot of men s gregarious and social nature." In the infancy of national existences, they are almost essential for purposes of mutual support and protection, and to supply the short comings of a weak Government. But over and above those fellowships which spring from the inalienable right of self- preservation, and which are founded either in the ties of kindred or community of material interests^ there are
commonly found, even in matured and well-organized states,
