manently connected with the university through the chair of political economy, which he founded in 1825. He entered Parliament in early life, and took an active interest from the first in nearly all departments of politics. Thoroughly independent and often eccentric in his views, he yet acted generally with the Conservative party. He was an effective speaker, clear and forcible, and on occa sion caustic and severe. From 1847 until his death on the 20th February 1860 he represented West Surrey. Drummond took a deep interest in religious subjects, and published numerous books and pamphlets on such questions as the interpretation of prophecy, the circulation of the Apo crypha, the principles of Christianity, &c., which attracted considerable attention. He was intimately associated with the origin and spread of the Catholic Apostolic or " Irvingite " Church. Stated meetings of those who sym pathized with Irving were held for the study of prophecy, between 1826 and 1830 at his seat of Albury Park, in Surrey ; he contributed very liberally to the funds of the new church ; and he became one of its leading office bearers. The numerous works he wrote in defence of its distinctive doctrines and practice were generally clear and
vigorous, if seldom convincing.DRUMMOND, Thomas (1797-1840), was born at Edin burgh in October 1797, and was educated at the High School there. He was appointed to a cadetship at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in February 1813; and by Christinas of that year he had entered the Second Academy. He early distinguished himself by his aptitude for mathe matics, and an original demonstration in conic sections, discovered by him whilst still in the junior Academy, was published in Leybourn s Mathematical Kejxisitory. In 1815 he entered the Royal Engineers. In 1819, when meditat ing the renunciation of military service for the bar, he made the acquaintance of Colonel Colby, from whom in the following year he received an appointment on the trigonometrical survey of Great Britain. During his winters in London he applied himself indefatigably to the higher branches of mathematics, and attended the chemical lectures of Brande and Faraday at the Royal Institution. The mention at one of these of the brilliant luminosity of lime when incandescent suggested to him the employment of that material instead of the Argand lamp for making surveying stations visible when far distant. In the autumn of 1824 he assisted Captain Colby in the selection of stations for the great triangulation, and the best situation as a base for the survey ordered to be made in Ireland. His lime-light apparatus (the Drummond light) and heliostat, both completed in 1825, he first put to a practical test in 1826 at the stations of the Irish survey. In the next season he brought into use an improved form of his heliostat, in which the telescope was dispensed with. Through the recommendation of Mr Bellenden Ker, Drummond was in 1831 appointed by Lord Brougham to be superintendent of the Boundary Commission. On the passing of the Reform Act he resumed his duties on the survey, which, however, he soon finally quitted in order to become private secretary to Lord Althorp, the chancellor of the exchequer. In 1834, on the dissolution of the Government, he received a pension of 300 a year, which he drew until September 30, 1835. In July of that year he was made under-secretary of state for Ireland ; and when, in 1836, the bill for municipal reform in that country was introduced into Parliament, he undertook the direction of the officers appointed to determine the boundaries of the boroughs. He was in October 1836 made head of the Irish Railway Commission, the report of which was completed in 1833. The health of Captain Drummoud, impaired originally by exposure during the Irish survey, and further injured by his unwearied exertions on the Boundary Com mission had, through his last labours in connection with the railways of Ireland, received a strain from which it never recovered. His strength gradually gave way, and he died on the 15th April 1840.
See Life by J. F. M Lennan, 1867, and Larcom in Papers on the Duties of the Royal Engineers, vol. iv., 1840.
DRUMMOND, William (1585-1649), of Hawthorn- den, a Scottish poet of the Spenserian school, and descen dant of an old family of noble blood, was born at Hawthorn- den, near Edinburgh, on the 13th December 1585. His father, John Drummond, was the first laird of Hawthorn- den ; and his mother, Susannah Fowler, was well-con nected, her brother William being private secretary to Queen Anne, and a man of literary tastes. Drummond received his early education at the Edinburgh High School, and graduated as M.A. of the recently founded (1582) metropolitan university in July 1605. The years 1607 and 1608 were spent at Bourges and Paris in the study of law ; and, in 1609, Drummond was again in Scotland, where, by the death of his father in the following year, he became laird of Hawthornden at the early age of twenty- four. The list of books he read up to this time indicates a strong preference for the finer and more imaginative, as distinguished from the argumentative kinds of literature. Accordingly, on finding himself his own master, Drummond naturally abandoned law for the muses ; " for," says his biographer in 1711, "the delicacy of his wit always run on the pleasantness and usefulness of history, and on the fame and softness of poetry." He was a good linguist, and read Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, French, and Hebrew. He had already written several poems, chiefly sonnets ; and some early letters, which have been preserved, show a fine command of pure English, as well as Drummond s critical sagacity in abandoning the Scottish dialect for the language raised to literary supremacy by the illustrious Elizabethans. Drummond s first publication appeared in 1613, and was an elegy on the death of Henry, prince of Wales, called Teares on the Death of Moeliades. As might have been expected from Spenser s influence, it is pastoral throughout. Milton, in his Lycidas, has at once imitated and surpassed this early poem of Drummond s. In 1614 Drummond for the first time met Sir William Alexander, known later as earl of Stirling, the author of a ponderous poem on Doom s-tlay. In the following year Drummond sustained a dreadful blow in the death of Miss Cunningham of Barns, to whom he was engaged to be married. In 1 6 1 6, the year of Shakespeare s death, appeared Poems : Amorous, Funerall, Divine, Pastorall : in Sonnets, Songs, Sextains, Madrigals, being substantially the story of his love and loss. Drummond s next poem is entitled Forth Feasting : A Panegyric to the King s Most Excellent Majesty, and celebrates James s visit to Scotland in 1617. In 1618 there was an interesting correspondence between Drummond and Drayton ; and, about the close of the same year, or about the beginning of 1619, Drummond was honoured with a visit of a fortnight or more from the great literary dictator of the time Ben Jonson. Drummond, as tradition relates, sat awaiting Jonson s arrival under the shade of a fine sycamore, and exclaimed when Jonson came in .sight, " Welcome, welcome, royal Ben ! " Upon which the dramatist rejoined, " Thank ye, thank ye, Hawthornden." The famous account of their conversations, long supposed to be lost, was discovered in the Advocate s Library, Edinburgh, by Mr David Laing, and, after being read to the Society of Scottish Antiquaries in 1832, appeared, ten years later, as a publication of the Shakespeare Society. The conversations are full of interesting literary gossip, and embody Ben s opinion of himself and of his host, whom he frankly told that he " was too good and simple, and the.t oft a man s modesty made a fool of his wit."
