The next few years in Drummond s life are comparatively uneventful, being marked only by correspondence with Sir William Alexander and Drayton. In 1623, the year of a great famine and consequent mortality in Scotland, appeared the poet s fourth publication, entitled Flowers of Zion : By William Drummond of Hawthornedenne : to which is adjoyned his Cypresse Grove. From 1625 till 1630 Drummond was probably for the most part engaged in travelling on the Continent. In 1627, however, he seems to have been home for a short time, as, in that year, he appears in the entirely new character of the holder of a patent for the construction of military machines, entitled " Litara Magistri Gulielmi Drummond de Fabrica Machin- arum Militarium, Anno 1627." The same year, 1627, is the date of Drummond s munificent gift of about 500 volumes to the library of Edinburgh University. This collection, to which Drummond afterwards made addi tions, is kept in a separate cabinet, and is particularly rich in the English poets. In 1630 Drummond again began to reside permanently at Hawthornden ; and, in 1631, he received his last letter from Drayton, who died in London on the 23d of December. In 1632 Drum mond married Elizabeth Logan, by whom he had five sons and four daughters. In 1633 Charles made his coronation- visit to Scotland ; and Drummond s pen was employed in writing congratulatory speeches and poetry. As Drummond naturally preferred Episcopacy to Presbytery, we are not surprised to learn that he approved of the main object Charles had in view in this visit, although his peace-loving nature was averse to the means employed in establishing Episcopacy. Drummond was a true Scottish gentleman in his pride of blood. Partly to please the earl of Perth, and partly to satisfy his own curiosity, the poet had studied the genealogy of the family very carefully, and had given due prominence to the fact that Annabella Drummond, daughter of Sir John Drummond of Stobhall, was the queen of Robert III. This investigation was the real secret of Drummond s interest in Scottish history ; and so we find that he now began his History of the Lives and Reigns of the Five Jameses, Kings of Scotland a work which did not appear till 1655, and is remarkable only for its good, literary style. His next work was called forth by the king s enforced submission to the opposition of his Scottish sub jects. It is entitled Irene : or a Remonstrance for Concord, Amity, and Love amongst His Majesty s Subjects, and embodies Drummond s political creed of submission to authority as the only logical refuge from democracy, which he hated. In 1639 Drummond had to sign the Covenant in self-protection, but was uneasy under the burden, as ex isting squibs by him testify. Drummond s next work Siaa/Aa^i d : or <i Defence of a Petition tendered to the Lords of the Council of Scotland by certain Noblemen and Gentlemen, January, 1643, is a political pamphlet in support of those royalists in Scotland who wished to espouse the king s cause against the English Parliament. Its burden is a passionate invective on the intolerance of the then dominant Presbyterian clergy ; but Irene fails to do justice to the substantial work they had done. Drummond s subsequent works may be described briefly as royalist pamphlets, written with more or less caution, as the times required.
After being an invalid for several months., the poet died on the 4th December 1649, and was buried in the church yard of Lasswade, a neighbouring village.
The only works of Drummond which call for special notice are the Cypresse Grove and the poems. The Cypresse Grove, one of the noblest prose poems in literature, exhibits great wealth of illustration, much fine thinking, and an extraordi nary command of musical English. It is an essay on the folly of the fear of death, and shows how much the author was impressed with the comparative insignificance of this world. " This globe of the earth," says he, " which seemeth huge to us, in respect of the universe, and compared with that wide pavilion of heaven, is less than little, of no sensible quantity, and but as a point" (1711 edition, p. 123). Death, he argues, from many of its accidental associations, appears to be much more dreadful than it really is. Its universality, and a correct estimate of human life, ought to nerve us against the fear of death. Further, we should re member that death is not annihilation, but the vestibule to immortality and a higher life. The essay, which is com posed throughout in a strain of lofty idealism, is concluded in the form of a vision.
A noteworthy feature in Drummond s poetry is that it manifests no characteristic Scottish element, but owes its birth and inspiration rather to the English and Italian masters. This was owing partly to his anti-Presbyterian bias and his long residence abroad ; but it was also natural, on other grounds, for a quiet, cultured, and meditative poet to imitate the Elizabethans and the great Italian writers. Drummond was essentially a follower of Spenser, delighting in the description of outer nature ; but, amid all his sensu- ousness, and even in those lines most conspicuously laden with lustrous beauty, there is a dash of melancholy thought- fulness a tendency deepened by the death of his first love. Drummond was so successful as a writer of sonnets that he was called " the Scottish Petrarch ; " and his somiets are still ranked immediately after Shakespeare s, Milton s, and Wordsworth s. Most of his poems are steeped in the pre- Copernican ideas of astronomy, and are marked by a sense of the smallness of the visible in comparison with the infinite lying beyond. This is one of Drummond s favourite moods ; and he is constantly harping upon such phrases as " the All," " this great All." Even in such of his poems as may be called more distinctively Christian, this philoso phic conception is at work. Drummond s poems are distin guished by pensive beauty, sweetness of versification, and richly w r orded descriptions, but lack vigour and originality. Altogether this poet is to be remembered as the best re presentative of " sweetness and light " amid much that was dull and ephemeral in contemporary Scottish literature.
There are several editions of his works : -(1) Hall s edition of the prose works, published in 1655 ; (2) Phillips s(a nephew of Milton) edition of the poems, which appeared in the same year ; (3) Bishop Sage s, published in 1711, the only complete edition of Drummond s writings ; (4) an edition of his poems by Lord Duiidrennan and David Irving, issued in 1832 ; (5) Cunningham s edition of the poems of 1833 ; and (6) Turubull s in 1857. The only collected edition of the prose writings was published in 1711. Drummond s life has been ably written by Professor Masson (1873).
DRUNKENNESS may be either an act or a habit, the latter consisting in frequent repetitions of the former. As an act it may be an accident, most usually arising from the incautious use of one or other of the commonly employed intoxicating agents ; as a habit it is one of the most degrad ing forms of vice which can result from the eufeeblement of the moral principle by persistent self-indulgence.
Drunkenness is a mere complexity of symptoms which may arise from many different causes. To be drunk is simply to be apoplectic ; and the close resemblance between the pathological and the toxic phenomena has been the cause of many untoward accidents. Cold alone may pro duce such peculiar effects that Captain Parry has said, in his Journal, " I cannot help thinking that many a man may have been punished for intoxication who was only suffering from the benumbing effects of frost ; for I have more than once seen our people in a state so exactly resembling that of the most stupid intoxication, that I should certainly have charged them with that offence had I not been quite sure that no possible means were afforded them on Melville Island to procure anything stronger than snow water. "
