Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/363

F L O F L U 349 FLOYEll, SIR JOHN (1649-1734), M.D., physician and author, was bom at Hinters in Staffordshire, and was educated at Oxford. He practised in Lichfield, and it was by his advice that Dr Johnson, when a child, was taken by bis mother to be touched by Queen Anne for the king s evil, March 30, 1714. Dr Johnson had a high opinion of his learning and piety. Floyer died February 1, 1731. Besides letters and other short pieces in various publications, he wrote Qap/j.aico- Bdffavos : or the Touch-stone of Medicines, discovering the virtues of Vegetables, Minerals, and Animals, by their Tastes and Smells, 2 vols., 1687; Tlie prcctcrnatural State of animal Humours described by tlieir sensible Qualities, 1696; An Enquiry into the right Use and Abuses of the hot, cold, and temperate Baths in England, 1697; A Treatise of t/ic Asthma, 1st ed., 1698; The ancient Vvxpo- ovaia revived, or mi Essay to prove cold Bathing both safe and useful, London, 1702 (several editions 8vo; abridged, Manchester, 1844, 12mo); The Physician s Pulse-watch, 1707-10; The Sibylline Oracles, translated from tlic best Greek cojyics, and compared ivith the sacred Prophecies, 1st ed., 1713; Two Essays : the first Essay con cerning the Creation, ^E the rial Bodies, and Offices of good and bad Angels; the second Essay concerning the Mosaic System of the World, Nottingham, 1717; An Exposition of the Revelations, 1739; An Essay to restore the Dipping of Infants in their Baptism, 1722; Medicina, Gcrocomica, or the Galenic Art of preserving old Men s Healths, 1st ed., 1724; A Jomment on forty-two Histories described by Hippocrates, 1726. FLUDD, EGBERT (Latin Robertus De Fluctibus), (1574-1637), an English physician and mystical philo sopher, was the son of Sir Thomas Fludd, treasurer of war to Queen Elizabeth in France and the Low Countries, and was born at Milgate, Kent, in 1574. After studying at Oxford he spent six years in travelling in Europe. While on the Continent he became acquainted with the writings of Paracelsus, and he was so fascinated with them that he endeavoured to form a system of philosophy founded on the identity of physical and spiritual truth. He believed in two universal principles, the northern or condensing and the southern or rarefying power, and in the existence of four elemental spirits corresponding to fire, air, earth, and water. The central principle of his philosophy was that man was a representation or miuiature of the universe, and he endeavoured to trace the analogy between what he called the microcosm and the macrocosm. The opinions of Fludd, preposterous as they now seem, had the honour of being refuted by Kepler, Gassendi, and Mersenne. Though rapt in mystical speculation, Fludd did not disdain scientific experiments, and is thought by some to be the original in ventor of the barometer. He died in 1637. De Quincey considers Fludd to have been the immediate father of free masonry, as Andrea was its remote father. Fludd wrote two Looks against Mersenne, the first entitled So phia; cum Moria Certamen, &c., 1629 ; and the second, Summum Bonorum quod est vcrum Magior., Cabahc, &c., 1629. Among his other works were Utriusque Cosmi, majoris ct minoris, Tcchnica Jlistoria, 1617; Tractatus Apologeticus integritatcm Soc. de Rosca Cruce defendcns, 1617; Monochordon Mundi symphoniacum, sen Replicatio ad Apologiam Joannis Kepler i, 1620 ; Anatomioz Thea- trum triplici ejfigic designation, 1623; Philosophia Sacra, ]626 ; Medicina Catholica, 1626 ; Integrum Morborum Mystcrium, 1631 ; DC Morborum Signis, 1631 ; Clavis Philosophic et Alchymiae, Fl.ud- diaiuc, 1633 ; Phila.<sophia Mosaics, 1638 ; and Pathologia Docmo- niaca, 1640. See De Quincey s Works, vol. xvi. pp. 406-412. FLUGEL, GUSTAV LEBRECIIT (1802-1870), a German Orientalist, was born at Bautzen, February 18, 1802. He received his early education at the gymnasium of his native town, and studied theology and philology at Leipsic. Gradually he devoted his attention chiefly to Oriental languages, which he studied especially at the universities of Vienna and Paris. In 1832 he became professor at the district school of Meissen, but ill health compelled him to resign that office in 1850, and in 1851 he went to Vienna, where he was employed in cataloguing the Oriental manu scripts of the court library, He died at Dresden, July 5, 1870. His chief works are an edition of the Koran, originally published at Leipsic in 1834, followed by Concordantice C orani Arabicce, Leipsic, 1842; Geschichte dcr Arabcr, Leipsic, 1832-1840; Diction ary of Hadschi-Chalfa, with Latin translation and commentary, in 7 vols., London and Leipsic, 1835-1858 (published at the expense of the London Oriental Translation Committee) ; Mani, seine Lehrcn und seine Schriftcn, Leipsic, 1862 ; Die grammatischen Schulcn der Araber, Leipsic, 1862. An edition of Kitdb-al-Fihrist, prepared by Fliigel, was published posthumously at Leipsic in 1871, and he also edited various other Oriental works. FLUGEL, JOHANX GOTTFRIED (1788-1855), a German lexicographer, was born at Barby near Magdeburg, 22d November 1788. He was originally a merchant s clerk, but emigrating to America in 1810, he made a special study of the English language, and returning to Germany in 1819, he was in 1824 appointed professor of the English language in the university of Leipsic. In 1838 he became American consul, and subsequently representative und cor respondent of many literary and scientific institutions of America. He died 24th June 1855. The fame of Fliigel rests chiefly on his Volhtiindif/c cnglisch- dcutsche und dcutsch-englischc J^orterbuch, first published in 2 vols. at Leipsic in 1830, which has had an extensive circulation not only in Germany but in England and America. Among his other works are Vollstiindigc, cngl. Sprachlchre ; Triglotte, odcr Kauf- mdnnisclics Wortcrbuch in drci Spraclicn, deutsch, englisch, und franzosisch ; Kleines Kaufmdnnischcs Handwortcrbuch in drei Sprachen; and Praktisches Handbuch dcr cngl. Handclscorrcspon- denz. All these have passed through several editions. FLUORINE, one of the halogen group of chemical elements, symbol F, atomic weight 19 1. The compound fluorine forms with hydrogen, namely, hydrofluoric acid, or hydrogen fluoride, was known so long ago as 1670 for its property of etching glass ; by Scheele it was regarded as a substance containing oxygen with some other element ; and by Ampere, in 1810, it was shown to consist of hydrogen with a new element, which from its source fluor spar received the name of fluorine. Fluorine is one of the less abundant, but one of the most widely diffused of the elements. It occurs in nature always combined with other elements, as in fluor spar (see below), in CRYOLITE (q.v., vol. vi. p. 667), and in fluor-apatite : in the rarer minerals topaz, yttrocerite, wagnerite, wavellite, and others ; also in small quantities in some granites and trap rocks; in river and mineral waters; and in sea water, according to Forchhammer, to the extent of half a grain in 100 Ib. Bischoff draws attention to the fact that no trace of fluorine is to be found in augite. It is a constant constituent of teeth and bones in fossil in larger quantity than in recent bones ; and it has been detected in corals, and in the ashes of milk and of ox-blood. Attempts to isolate fluorine have been made by several experimenters, but its strongly negative properties, by occasioning its com bination with the material of most vessels employed to receive it, have hitherto proved an obstacle to its investiga tion in the free state. The presence of fluorine in minerals is usually detected by their evolution of hydrofluoric acid when heated with sulphuric acid, and the action of the evolved acid on glass. For the quantitative estimation of fluorine, its compounds may be decomposed by means of sulphuric acid or acid sulphate of ammonium, the fluorine being determined either by loss, or directly in the form of silicofluoride of potassium, sodium, or barium, according to WohlerX method. To obtain their fluorine in a soluble combination many minerals require fusion with alkaline carbonates. Free hydrofluoric acid and soluble fluorides are best determined by means of calcium chloride, which affords a precipitate of calcium fluoride, or fluor spar. See further, on the compounds of fluorine and their reactions, CHEMISTRY, vol. v. pp. 490-494. FLUOR SPAR, FLUORITE, or CALCIUM FLUORIDE, CaF 2 , (Germ. Fluss-spath}, the " blue John " of Derbyshire, and " cann" or "kann"of Cornish miners, occurs crystallized in