Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/737

F 11 A F 11 A 701 over them the glow of a warm yet fresh and sparkling tone. Unhappily time has been unkind to Francisque. Twelve of his most important landscapes, which remained in the palace of the Tuilcries, were destroyed by lire quite recently; and though many of his pieces may still be found catalogued in Continental and English collections, others in great number remain unknown and unacknowledged. In England there are specimens of Francisque in the galleries of the duke of Devonshire, and Earls Dudley and Suffolk. Abroad, most of his known works are in public museums. It often happens that his iiamo is appended to pictures by Jean Francois, his son. Jean Francois Millet, the younger, was born in Paris, and was made a member of the Academy of Painting at Paris in 1709. He died in 1773. He is not quite so in dependent in his art as his father ; but he had clever friends, and when he wanted figures to his landscapes, he consulted "Watteau, and other followers of the "court shepherdess " school. But on the whole Jean Francois the younger .s work is often lost in that of his father, and it is difficult to point to any picture by him except that in the museum of Grenoble, which is prettily adorned with Watteau s figures. FRANCK. The name of Franck has been given indis criminately but improperly to painters of the school of Antwerp who belong to the families of Francken and Vranex (see FRANCKEN and VRANEX). One artist truly entitled to bo called Franck is Gabriel, who entered the guild of Antwerp in 1G05, became its president in 1636, and died in 1639. Gabriel Franck formed a great number of pupils, amongst whom we notice Abraham Genoels the elder, and Laurent Franck, the master of Francisque. But none of his works are now to be traced. FRANCK or FRANK, SEBASTIAN (r. 1500-1543), not unfrequently called by the Latinized form of his name Francus, an important German writer of the Reformation period, was born about 1500 at Donau worth, and regularly styled himself Franck of Word. Of his early years nothing is known except by inference. It appears that he studied at Heidelberg, and about 1524 was ordained a Roman Catholic priest. In 1528 he married Ottilia Behaim at Nuremberg ; and the same year he produced his Ger man translation of Althamer s Diallage, or Reconciliation of the Contradictions of the Scriptures, and wrote a treatise against the Horrible Vice of Drunkenness. Two years later appeared, with an introduction by Luther, his translation of a Chronicle and Description of Turkey, written by a Transylvania 11 ivho had been Twenty-tu o Years in Turkish Captivity. In 1531 he was in Strasburg, and published his Chronika, Zeitbuch, und Gcschichtbibel, one of the first German works in which an attempt was made to give a sur vey of universal history. From Strasburg he removed to Esslingen ; and there during 1532 and 1533 he attempted to support himself by soap-boiling, but found it on the whole an unprofitable occupation. In hope of a better market for his wares he went to Ulm, where in 1534 he received the freedom of the city. For some time he remained peacefully printing his books, but on the publica tion of his Parodoxa his privileges were withdrawn, and he was ordered to depart. A promise to submit his writings to censure procured a temporary reprieve of the sentence, but in 1539 he was finally banished, and from that time he appears never to have settled long in one place. He was engaged as a printer and publisher at Basel when he died, in 1543 or 1545. Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote also a collection of proverbs (Spruch-Wiirter) in 1532, which appeared in fuller form in 1591, a Germanic Chron- icon, 1538, and the GuldinArch or Area Aurea, 1538, a col lection of Scripture doctrines with proof passages, not only from the Bible itself, but also from pagan writers. Franck s position as a thinker was a peculiar one. Though associ ated at first with the Reformers, he soon showed that he was out of sympathy with their dogmatic tendencies, and at length was branded by Luther as a "devil s mouth." He was naturally inclined to subjectivity and mysticism, and may to a certain extent be regarded as a forerunner of modern German idealism. His religion was practically pantheistic, and tended to foster a spirit of tolerance that found good in everything. Amid the bitter controveries of contending sects it was rare to find a professed theologian maintaining that the true church consisted of "all pious and good-hearted men in all the world, even among the heathen." As an historian, while still credulous enough to believe in the Trojan myths of the Middle Ages, he dis played a remarkably modern spirit in the attention he gave to social conditions. The first part of his Chronicoii, tc., contains the history of antiquity, the second includes the period from Christ to Charles V., and the third gives account of the popes, councils, heretics, ceremonies, &c. His German style is plain, vigorous, and idiomatic, and ranks him high among the founders of German prose. See Wakl, DC vita Franci, Erlangen, 1793; Ch. K. am Ende, Nacluesc zu Franck sLcbcn uiul Schriften, Nuremberg, 1796; Ungen, Grist der Rcformatorcn wul seine Gegensdtze, Evlangen, 1844; Hein- rich Mcrz in Herzog s lleal Encyclopedia far Prot. Thcol., 1855; Bischof, Sebastian Franck und die Deutsche Geschichtschreibiiinj, Tubingen, 1857; Hnse, Sebastian Franck von Word dcr Schwarm- geist, Leipsie, 1869; Latendorf in his edition of Sebastian Franck s erste namenlose SpmchiffSrtersammlung vom Jahre 1532, Posncck, 1876; and a valuable review of this last work in the Jena Lit. ZeUung, 1877, No. 22. A eritical catalogue of the whole liter ature of the subject appeared in Birlinger s Alcmannla, 1876. FRANCKE, AUGUST HERMANN (1663-1727), an influ ential German philanthropist and theologian, was born on the 22d of March 1663 at Liibcck, where his father, a doctor of laws, at that time held a professional appointment. He was educated, chiefly in private, at Gotha (to which his family had removed in 1666), and afterwards at the univer sities of Erfurt, Kiel, and Leipsie. During his student career, he busied himself specially with the Hebrew and Greek languages ; and in order to acquire the former more thoroughly, he for some time put himself under the instruc tions of Rabbi Ezra Edzardi at Hamburg, at whose in stance he is said to have read through the entire Hebrew Bible seven times within a year. He graduated at Leipsic in 1685, but, having found employment as a " privat- clocent," did not quit the university, until the end of 1687. During the last year of his residence he had, by the help of his friend P. Anton, and with the approval and encour agement of Spcner, who was at that time coming into notice, originated the afterwards famous collegium philobiblicum, at which a number of graduates were accustomed to meet for the regular and systematic study of the Bible. Ho next passed a number of months at Liineburg as assistant or curate to the learned and pious superintendent Sand- hagen, and there his religious life was remarkably quickened and deepened. His own account of his experience at that crisis in his life, and of the influence of the particular text (John xx. 31) to which he believed he owed Jus con version, is very interesting and characteristic. On leaving Liineburg, he spent some time in Hamburg, where lie was engaged as a teacher in a private school, and there also he considered himself to have acquired some experience which proved invaluable in after life. After a long visit to Spener, who was at that time in Dresden, and who encouraged him in the plans he had formed, he returned to Leipsic in the spring of 1689, and began to give Bible lectures of an exegetical and practical kind, at the same time resuming the collegia philobiblica of earlier clays. ITe rapidly became very popular as a lecturer ; but the peculi arities of his teaching almost immediately aroused a violent opposition on the part of the university authorities ; and