Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/738

702 F R A- F R A before the end of the year he was, on the ground of his alleged pietism, interdicted from lecturing. Thus it was that Francke s name first came to be publicly associated with that of Spener, and with one of the most fruitful church movements of the 17th century. Although, how ever, the majority of those claiming to be orthodox chose to regard the pietists as a new and dangerous sect, it must be remembered that neither Spener nor Francke taught in any spirit of sectarianism or with any consciousness of antag onism to any of the doctrines of the Lutheran Church. Loyal churchmen, they were distinguished . from other Lutherans simply by their readiness to subordinate mere confessional orthodoxy to the interests of spiritual religion and practical morality, and also by the unusual earnestness with which they insisted on the necessity of conversion, and of the appearance of certain symptoms of a moral and spiritual change, before any one could rightly lay claim to the Christian name. The pietism of Francke, at all events, was quite as compatible with churchliness as was the methodism of Wesley or the evangelicalism of Simeon; and it is well known that neither of these two men desired to set up a sect against the church. Prohibited from lecturing in Leipsic, Francke in 1869 found work at Erfurt as " deacon " of one of ttio city churches. Here his evangelistic fervour attracted multitudes to his preaching, but at the same time excited the jealousy of his less zealous colleagues as well as the antipathy of the Catholic section of the population; and the result of their combined opposition was that after a ministry of fifteen months, he was, in September 1691, banished from the town by the civil authorities. The same year witnessed the expulsion of Spener from Dresden. In December Francke received and accepted an invitation to fill th s chair of Greek and Oriental languages in the new university of Halle, which was at that time being organized by the elector Frederick III. of Brandenburg; and at the same time, the chair having no salary attached to it, he was appointed minister of the parish of Glaucha in the im mediate neighbourhood of the town. Here, for the next thirty-six years, he continued to discharge the twofold office of pastor and professor with rare energy and success. Be sides preaching on Sundays, with an eloquence and earnest ness and depth that attracted and held together a large con gregation, lie found time for many week-day meetings for edification, and was unwearied in the work of catechizing the young and of giving spiritual direction to those who sought his private advice. At the very outset of his labours, he had been profoundly impressed with a sense of his responsibility towards the numerous outcast children who were growing up around him in ignorance and crime. After a number of tentative plans, such as that of gather ing them together once a week at the parsonage, and that of paying their school fees, he resolved in 1695 to institute what would be called in this country a ragged school, rely ing for funds upon the charity of the benevolent public. A single room was at first sufficient for the needs of the institu tion ; but within a year it was found necessary to purchase a house, to which another was added in 1697. In 1698 there were 100 orphans under his charge to be clothed and fed, besides 500 children who were taught as day scholars. The later statistics of the many and various educational institutions of Hallo which owe their origin to him will be found in vol. vii. p. 675. The principles there indicated were consistently applied in his university teaching. Even as professor of Greek he had given great prominence in his lectures to the study of the Scriptures ; but he found a much more congenial sphere when, in 1698, he was appointed to the chair of theology. Yet his first courses of lectures in that department were on Old and New Testa ment introduction ; and to this, as also to henncneutics, lie always attached special importance, believing that for theology a sound exegesis was the one indispensable requi site. "Theologus nascitur in scripturis," he used to say; but during his occupancy of the theological chair he lectured at various times upon other branches of the science also, according to the custom still usual in Germany. Amongst his colleagues were Anton, Breithaupt, and Joachim Lange men like-minded with himself. Through their influencj upon the students, Halle became a centre from which pietism, as it was called, became very widely diffused over Germany ; but while in some quarters the new light was welcomed and cherished, in others every effort was made to suppress it. Thus, while Frederick William I. of Prussia is said to have gone so far as to issue an edict forbidding that any one should receive a cure of souls in his domi nions who had not studied in Halle for two y^ars, and received from the faculty there satisfactory certificates as to his status gratis, legislative enactments were elsewhere frequently directed against the Halle school. It ought to be borne in mind with reference to these that Francke can not fairly be held responsible for the separatistic and per fectionist and chiliastic tendencies which are now most commonly associated with the pietistic name. He died at Halle on the 8th of June 1727. His principal contributions to theological literature were Manu- ductio ad Lcctioncm Scriptural Sacrtc (1693); Prcclcctiones Herman, ciiticaz (1717); Commcntatio de Scopo Librorum Vctcris ct Novi Tcs- tamenti (1724); and Lcctioncs Parccncticoc, (1726-36). The Manu- ductio was translated into English in 1813, under the title A Guide to the Reading and Study of the Holy Scriptures. An account of his orphanage, entitled Scycnsvolh Fuss-stapfcn, &c. (1709), vhieh subsequently passed through several editions, has also been par tially translated, under the title The Foof.,ite2)s of Divine Providence: or, The bountiful Iland of Heaven defraying the Expenses of Faith. See Guerike s A. II. Francke (1827), which has been translated into English (The Life of A. H. Francke, 1837); and Kramer s Jlcitrciye zur Gcschichts A. H. Franckc s (1861), and Ncuc Bcitrage (1875). FRANCKEN. Eleven painters of this family cultivated their art in Antwerp during the 16th and 17th centuries. Several of these were related to each other, whilst many bore the same Christian name in succession. Hence unavoidable confusion in the subsequent classification of paintings not widely differing in style or execution. When Franz Francken the first found a rival in Franz Francken the second, he described himself as the " elder," in contradistinction to his son, who signed himself the "younger." Bat when Franz the second was threatened with competition from Franz the third, he took the name of " the elder," whilst Franz the third adopted that of Franz " the younger." It is possible, though not by any means easy, to sift the works of these artists. The eldest of the Franckens, Nicholas of Herenthals, died at Antwerp in 1596, with nothing but the reputation of having been a painter. None of his works remain. He bequeathed his art to three children. Jerom Francken, the eldest son, after leaving his father s house, studied under Franz Floris, whom he afterwards served as an assistant, and wandered, about 1560, to Paris. In 1566 he was one of the masters em ployed to decorate the palace of Fontainebleau, anil in 1574 he obtained the appointment of court painter from Henry III., who had just returned from Poland and visited Titian at Venice. In 1 603 when Van Mander wrote his biography of Flemish artists, Jerom Francken was still in Paris living in the then aristocratic Faubourg St Germain. Among hb earliest works we should distinguish a Nativity in the Dresden Museum, executed in co-operation with Franz Floris. Another of his important pieces is the Abdication of Charles V. in the Amsterdam Museum. Equally inter esting is a Portrait of a Falconer, dated 1558, in the Bruns wick Gallery. In style these pieces all recall Franz Flori?. Franz, the second son of Nicholas of Herenthals, is to be kept in memory as Franz Francken the first. He was born about 15-44, matriculated at Antwerp in 1567, and died