186 BARONY AND THANAGE April it was paid in Cumberland, Westmorland, and Northumberland * by all free landholders from baron to bondager, whether they held by knight-service, by cornage, by thanage, or by ' blanch- farm ',2 unless it were remitted to them by the king himself. But, although it was only in the border shires that cornage gave its name to a tenure, it was not confined to them. Under the name of oxgeld,^ coumale,* or cougeld,* it was paid throughout Durham ^ and Lancashire and in the ' high and wild part ' of Yorkshire, though only by ' blanchfarm ', ' free ' or ' foreign ' tenants,' and by bondagers,* the poorer tenants paying instead ' customs ' alia) terrena exactione et consuetudine ' (Reg. of Holmcultram, f. 34, cited in Vict. County Hist., Cumberland, i. 321). ' The evidence for Cumberland and Westmorland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries has been given by Mr. Wilson. To it may be added, Bain, i, nos. 1713, 2067, 2665 ; ii, no. 208 ; and an inquest of knights' fees in Cumberland, 35 Henry VII, printed by Nicolson and Bum, op. cit., ii. 20 ff., which shows that all mesne tenants by knight-sers'ice paid cornage, puture of Serjeants, suit of court, and homage, many also paying sea- wake. As to Northumberland, the Compotus de Comagiis Northumber- landae for 1264 (Red Book, p. 713) shows that in Northumberland all tenants-in-chief paid cornage unless it had been remitted to them by the king, whether they held by knight-service or by thanage (Testa de Xevill, ii. 749-53, 764-75). An inquisition post mortem of R. de Muschamp, lord of Wooler, in 1254, shows that all his free tenants rendered suit of court, cornage, scutage, and fine of the county (Bain, i, no. 1967). In 1278 a Northumbrian jury found that when Otwell de risle changed the tenure of two manors held of him by Robert de Fenwick from drengage to a fee-farm of 100»., doing also the forinsec service due from the manors, the said forinsec service was cornage and fine of court (Maitland, nbi supra, p. 630). Finally, Humberston, who surveyed the lands of the earls of Northumberland and Westmorland and their associates in the rebellion of 1569, states that the manors pertinent to the barony of Alnwick were for the most part held by knight-service by the payment of castle- ward, rent, and cornage (K. R. Misc. Bks. 37, 38). ' Cal. of Inq. iv, no. 424. See firma alha of Domesday, i. 39 b. ' Lancashire : ' Wydenesse. — De oxgalte nichil hoc anno quia nichil nisi tercio anno quod erit in proximo anno ' (Compoti ofH. de Lacy, p. 49). The cornage of Northumber- land was likewise paid only once in three years (Pipe RoUs of Xorthumberland, passim).
- Overton, part of the demesne lands of the earls of Lancaster, had in 1297 two
free tenants, of whom one, Robert the Reeve, had forty acres of land in provosty and was reeve of fee to execute the services pertaining to provosty, rendering homage and relief, and paying for coumale 2s. ; and the other held one bovate for a farm of 8«. l^d. There were also ten bovates held in bondage, each of which rendered 12«. a year, and for coumale I6d., and nine cotarii who rendered 19«. 6d. yeariy (Lancashire Inqttests, ed. W. Farrer, p. 293 ; cf. p. 296). ' Yorkshire : there were paid to Bowes Castle in 1279, 6«. 2 W. of cougeld and shirve- geld (Cal. of Inq. ii, no. 381).
- ' Comagium. — lidem tenentes tam liberi (sc. quam) bondi solvunt pro cornagioad
Cuthbertum in Septembri xxxvi s.' : Bishop Hatfield^s Suri'ey (Surtees Soc.), p. 18. Compare a return of 1 384 : ' Willelmus de Hilton miles tenet duo partes villae de Magna L"'^8eworth et Alicia de Modenby terciam partem dictae villae per servicium forinsecum et reddunt per annum ad 4 terminos 10 s. lidem Willelmus et Alicia . . . reddunt pro coma- gio dictae villae per annum ad Festum S. Cuthberti in Septembri xxx s. lidem reddunt pro i vacca de metrith ad festum S. Martini vi s.' ( Vict. County Hist., Durham, i. 277). ' 'Foreign freeholders' at Skipton-in-Craven (Whit^ker, Craven, p. 228) ; 'liberi tenentes forinseci ' in Manchester ( Mamecestre, ii. 289).
- See notes 4, 6, above. In Cumberland, Langwathby paid cornage although
its only tenants were bondagers, cottars, and tenants at will (Bain, i, no. 1564). Cf. Palgrave, ihczimenls illustrating the History of Scotland, pp. 3 ff.
