1920 BARONY AND T MANAGE 187 of oats and hens.^ The resemblance of cornage, the custom or gafol of animals, to the ' cain ' of animals in Scotland is too close to be accidental ; and this, together with the fact that wherever it was paid there was paid also 'waiting',^ ' waytemete ',^ ' sheriff's tooth ',* or ' Serjeants' food ^ justifies us both in identifying ' cornage ' with ' cain ' and in regarding it as originally a food-rent due to the king from all landholders.® The wide incidence of cornage makes it clear that the payment of this custom cannot have been the real basis of the distinction between cornage tenure and other tenures. This must be sought in the other services rendered or not rendered by cornage tenants. At once we note that while they did not owe either fine of court or a farm, they owed ' endmot ', a ' forinsec ' service due only from the cornage tenants of Cumberland and Westmorland.' This was a military service which resembled knight-service closely enough for it to be necessary for those who owed it to point out that they did not owe scutage for it.^ Now, in 1212 the cornage tenants-in-chief claimed that their service was only to ' go at the king's precept in the army of Scotland, in going in the vanguard, in returning in the rearguard ' ; * and after
- Survey of barony of Appleby, 1634, printed by Nicolson and Bum, op. cit., i. 292 £f.
The hens were called ' pout ', i. e. puture, hens ; the oats were a fixed custom of half a skep — worth 6s. M. — an acre in Liddel (Bain, ii, no. 208). - At Beanly (Bain, i, no. 321 ; ii, no. 632). ^ Bently manor paid to Tickhill 40s. for castle-ward, 6s. 8d. for wapentake fine, and 2s. for ' waytemete and shireff tothe ' {Cal. of Inq. iii. 359).
- Ibid. ; cf. Ormerod, History of Cheshire, i. 54. ' Waiting ', ' waytemete ', and
'sheriff's tooth ' are clearly just local names for the_^rm« noctis normally characteristic of ancient demesne (Roimd, Vict. County Hist., Essex, i. 336). Probably we should identify the metrith cow of Durham (Boldon Book, passim) with the ' mete cu ' of the Rectitudines (c. 8) and regard this as yet another form of the same custom. ' Metrith ' has never been satisfactorily explained ; may it not be a Celtic word akin to ' treth ', the name given in the Welsh marches to commutations of the king's food- rents {Survey of the Honor of Denbigh, pp. Ivi, Ixiii, Ixvii) ? When we reflect that the field-system prevalent in Durham, as in all the area in which ' noutgeld ' and ' waiting ' survived as incidents of free tenure, was the Celtic run-rig (Gray, English Field Systems), we realize that the survival of a Celtic name for a food-rent or its commutation was not impossible. ' Also called ' puture of the Serjeants ', i. e. of the Serjeants who kept the forests or aided the sheriff or the lord's bailiff, as the case might be, in doing justice and keeping the peace (Mamecestre, i. 482 ff.).
- Probably it was part of the pastus principis of Anglo-Saxon charters (Chadwick,
Anglo-Saxon Institutions, p. 101 n.). It is noteworthy that in 1536 the Pilgrimage of Grace began with a rising of the commons of the high and wild country of Yorkshire, Durham, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire against ' noutgeld ', ' Serjeants' food ', and ' gressoms ' (i. e. the fines due from ' blanchfarm ' tenants at every change of lord or tenant) : Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, xi, no. 1080 ; xii (1), no. 687. ' Mr. Wilson has elucidated ' endmot ' and shown its identity with the military service required of cornage tenants, in Vict. County Hist., Cumberland, i. 318 ff.
- ' lohannes de Reinii debet ii marcas et tenet ii carucatas terre in Newinton
per sectam comitatus et de Hendemot unde scutagium dari non debet ' : Pipe Roll, 3 John. Cf. above, p. 185, note 9. ' At the end of the list of tenants-in-chief in Cumberland, the inquest of 1212
