for firing the lime and cement kilns. At Tsingtao we saw the pine bough fuel on the backs of mules, Fig. 80, coming from the hills in Shantung province. Similar fuels were being used in Korea and we have photographs of large pine bough fuel stacks, taken in Japan at Funabashi, east from Tokyo.
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Fig. 80.—Pine bough fuel coming into Tsingtao from the Shantung hills, China.
The hill and mountain lands, wherever accessible to
the densely peopled plains, have long been cut over and
as regularly has afforestation been encouraged and
deliberately secured even through the transplanting of
nursery stock grown expressly for that purpose. We had
read so much regarding the reckless destruction of forests
in China and Japan and had seen so few old forest trees
except where these had been protected about temples,
graves or houses, that when Rev. R. A. Haden, of the
Elizabeth Blake hospital, near Soochow, insisted that the
Chinese were deliberate foresters and that they regularly
