ground-form is regularly lengthened to qāṭōl, e.g. עָנֹל round, עָמֹק deep, אָדֹם red; but before formative additions the short ŭ returns, protected by the sharpening of the following consonant (see ee above), as עֲגֻלִּים, &c. (but in stems with a third guttural or ר, גְּבֹהָה, שְׁחֹרִים). The form עָגוֹל, 1 K 1019, is abnormal; likewise עֲמוּקָה Pr 2327, Jablonski (ed. Mant. עֲמֻקָה, Baer and Ginsburg עֲמֻקָּה).
[ll] 3. On Paradigm f: ground-form qăṭăl from ל״ה stems. As in verbs ל״ה § 75 h, the general rule is that before the terminations of the plur. and dual and before suffixes beginning with a vowel, the third radical is usually elided altogether. But besides שָׂדֶה the form שָׂדַי, with the final Yôdh retained, is also found in poetry (cf. also the singulars with suffixes, like מִשְׁתֵּיהֶם, in ss); in the same way final ו is retained in עֲנָוִים the poor, constr. עַנְוֵי. The plur. of שָׂדֶה is שָׂדוֹת, constr. שְׂדוֹת (also שְׂדֵי, unless this is a sing., contracted from שְׂדַי; so Barth, ZDMG. xlii, p. 351). The qĭṭăl-form (see § 84a i) רֵעֶה 2 S 1537, 1616, 1 K 45 is remarkable as a constr. st. (the reading רֵעֵה of Opitius and others is opposed to the express statement of the Masora). To the category of these forms also belongs without doubt פָּנִים face (only in plur.), פְנֵי, פָּנַי, פְּנֵיכֶם, &c.
[mm] In a few formations of this kind the vowel of the second syllable appears to have been already lost in the absol. st. sing.; so according to the ordinary view, in יָד hand, constr. יַד, with suff. יָדוֹ, but יֶדְכֶם; plur. יָדוֹת, constr. יְדוֹת, dual יָדַ֫יִם, יְדֵי, with suff. יָדַי, יְדֵיכֶם, &c., and in דָּם blood, constr. דַּם, with suff. דָּמִי, but דִּמְכֶם (ă attenuated to ĭ), plur. דָּמִים, דְּמֵי. But perhaps both these nouns are to be regarded as primitive (§ 81), and as original monosyllabic formations.
[nn] 3. Paradigm III comprises forms with an unchangeable vowel in the first syllable, whilst the vowel of the second syllable has been lengthened from an original short vowel, and is therefore changeable. The special cases are to be distinguished in which the original short vowel is lengthened both in and before the tone, but in an open syllable becomes Šewâ (Paradigm a, but cf. also examples like אֽוֹפַנִּים wheels, for אֽוֹפָנִים, and אֻֽלַמִּים porches), secondly, the cases in which the vowel becomes Šewâ even before the tone (Paradigm b), and finally, those in which the termination of ל״ה formations is entirely lost (Paradigm c).
[oo] Rem. 1. On the model of עוֹלָם (which, moreover, is obscured from ʿâlăm), the following forms also are inflected: מִקְמָל (§ 85 h), in some cases with virtual sharpening of the third radical (see § 20 a), as מִבְטַחוֹ Jer 177, ψ 405, Jb 814, &c.; ל״א nouns of this form maintain the Qameṣ in the constr. st. plur., e.g. מִקְרָאֵי from מִקְרָא[1]; on the other hand, in the plur. of the participles Niph. (§ 85 n) of verbs ל״אֹ (which likewise belong to this class), are found not only regular forms like נִקְרָאִים but also נֶחְבְּאִים Jos 1017, נִטְמְאִים Ez 2030 f.,
