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68 IIISTOKY OF GREECE. might be a citizen without being enrolled in an}- gens. 3 ho forty-eight naukraries ceased to exist, for any important pur- poses, under his constitution : the deme, instead of the naukrary, became the elementary political division, for military and financial objects, and the demarch became the working local president, in place of the chief of the naukrars. The deme, however, was not coincident with a naukrary, nor the demarch with the pre- vious chief of the naukrary, though they were analogous and constituted for the like purpose. 1 While the naukraries had been only forty-eight in number, the denies formed smaller subdi- visions, and, in laUr times at least, amounted to a hundred and seventy-four. 8 But though this early quadruple division into tribes is toler- ably intelligible in itself, there is much difficulty in reconciling it with that severally of government which we learn to have origi- nally prevailed among the inhabitants of Attica. From Kekrops down to Theseus, says Thucydides, there were many different cities in Attica, each of them autonomous and self-governing, with its own prytaneium and its own archons ; and it was only on occa- sions of some common danger that these distinct communities took counsel together under the authority of the Athenian kings, whose city at that time comprised merely the holy rock of Athene on the plain, 3 afterwards so conspicuous as the acropolis of the enlarged Athens, together with a narrow area under it 1 The language of Photius on this matter (v, NavKpapia HEV OTTOIOV TI ?l cv/tfiopta Kal 6 6f/fiof vai>Kpapo <5e dnolov TI 6 dqftapxof) is more exact than that of Ilarpokration, who identifies the two completely, v, A^ap^of. If it he true that the naukraries were continued under the Kleisthencan con- stitution, with the alteration that they were augmented to fifty in number, five to every Kleisthenean tribe, they must probably have been continued in name alone without any real efficiency or function. Klcidemus makes this statement, and Boeckh follows it (Public Economy of Athens, 1. ii, ch. 21, p. 256) : yet I cannot but doubt its correctness. For the rpi-ri'f (one-third of a Kleisthencan tribe) was certainly retained and was a working and avail- able division (see Demosthenes dc Symmoriis, c. 7, p. 184), and it seems hardly probable that there should be two coexistent divisions, one represent- ing the third part, the other the fifth part, of the same tribes. 2 Strabo, ix, p. 396. 3 Strabo, ix, p. 396, Trerpi ev Tre&'y irspioiKovfiei. rj KVK^.U. Euripid. Ion 1578, OKOTTE^OV oi vaiovG 1 tyov (Athene)