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5l6 HERB ART. 2. Realism : Herbart. Johann Friedrich Herbart was scientifically the most important among the philosophers of the opposition. Herbart was born at Oldenburg in 1776, the son of a coun- cilor of justice, and had already become acquainted with the systems of Wolff and Kant before he entered the Uni- versity of Jena in 1794. In 1796 he handed in to his instructor Fichte a critique of two of Schelling's treatises, in which the youthful thinker already broke away from idealism. While a private tutor in Switzerland he made the acquaintance of Pestalozzi. In 1802 he habilitated in Gottingen, where, in 1805, he was promoted to a pro- fessorship extraordinary; while in 1809 he received the professorship in Konigsberg once held by Kant, and later by W. Tr. Krug (died 1842). He died in 1841 at Got- tingen, whither he had been recalled in 1833. His Col- lected Works were published in twelve volumes, 1850-52 (reprinted 1883 seq.^, by his pupil Hartenstein, who has also given an excellent exposition of his master's system in his Probleme und Grundlehren der allgemeinen Metaphysik, 1836, and his Grundbegriffe der ethischen Wissenschaftcn, 1844; a new edition, in chronological order, and under the editorship of K. Kehrbach, began to appear in 1882, or rather 1887, and has now advanced to the fourth volume, 1891. Herbart's chief works were written during his Konigsberg residence: the Text-book of hitroduction to Philosophy, 1813, 4th ed., 1837 (very valuable as an introduction to Herbartian modes of thought); General Metaphysics, 1829 (preceded in 1806 and 1808 by The Principal Points in Metaphysics, J>hie, vol. Ixxxii. 1883, p. Zo seq., after Lipsius had given a single chapter from it — " The Ideal of Morality according to Christianity " — in his Jahr biicher fiir protestantische Theologie (vol. ix. pp. 1-45). The journals Im Neutn Reich, 1881, No. 24, and Die Gegenwari, 1882, No. 34, contained warmly written notices of Fortlage by J.VoIkelt. Leopold Schmid (in Giessen, died 1869) gives a favorable and skillfully composed outline of Fortlage 's system in his Gmndziige der Einleitung in die Philosophic tnit einer Beleitchtung der von K. Ph. Fischer, Sengler., und Fortlage ermbglichten Philosophic der That, i860, pp. 226-357- Cf. also Moritz Brasch, A'. Fortlage, Ein phiosophisches Charakterbild, Unsere Zeit, 1883, Heft 11, pp. 730-756, incorporated in the same author's Philosophic der Gegenwart, 1888.