with a supplement, The Principal Points in Logic) ; Text- book of Psychology ,[1] 1816, 2d ed., 1834; On the Possibility and Necessity of applying Mathematics to Psychology, 1822 ; Psychology as a Science, 1824-25. The two works on ethics, which were widely separated in time, were, on the other hand, written in Gottingen : General Practical Philosophy, 1808; Analytical Examination of Natural Right and of Morals, 1836. To these may be added a Discourse on Evil, 1817; Letters on the Doctrine of the Freedom of the Human Will, 1836; and the Brief Encyclopcedia of Philosophy, 1831, 2d ed., 1841. His works on education and instruction, whose influence and value perhaps exceed those of his philosophical achievements (collected editions of the peda- gogical works have been prepared by O. Willmann, 1873-75, 2d ed., 1880; and by Bartholomaei), extended through his whole life. Besides pedagogics, psychology was the chief sphere of his services.
In antithesis to the philosophy of intuition with its imag- ined superiority to the standpoint of reflection, Herbart makes philosophy begin with attention to concepts, defin- ing it as the elaboration of concepts. Philosophy, there- fore, is not distinguished from other sciences by its object, but by its method, which again must adapt itself to the peculiarity of the object, to the starting point of the inves- tigation in question — there is no universal philosophical method. There are as many divisions of philosophy as there are modes of elaborating concepts. The first requisite is the discrimination of concepts, both the discrimination of concepts from others and of the marks within each con- cept. This work of making concepts clear and distinct is the business of logic. With this discipline, in which Her- bart essentially follows Kant, are associated two other forms of the elaboration of concepts, that of physical and that of aesthetic concepts. Both of these classes require more than a merely logical elucidation. The physical concepts, through which we apprehend the world and ourselves, contain con- tradictions and must be freed from them ; their correction is the business of meta-physics. Metaphysics is the science of the comprehensibility of experience. The aesthetic
- ↑ English translation by M. K. Smith, 1891.
