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SCHOPENHA UER. 537 3. Pessimism: Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer is in all respects the antipodes of Herbart. If in Herbart philosophy breaks up into a number of dis- tinct special inquiries, Schopenhauer has but one funda- mental thought to communicate, in the carrying out of which, as he is convinced, each part implies the whole and is implied by the whole. The former operates with sober concepts where the latter follows the lead of gifted intui- tion. The one is cool, thorough, cautious, methodical to the point of pedantry; the other is passionate, ingenious, unmethodical to the point of capricious dilettantism. In the one case, philosophy is as far as possible exact science, in which the person of the thinker entirely retires behind the substance of the inquiry; in the other, philosophy con- sists in a sum of artistic conceptions, which derive their con- tent and value chiefly from the individuality of the author. The history of philosophy has no other system to show which to the same degree expresses and reflects the person- ality of the philosopher as Schopenhauer's. This person- ality, notwithstanding its limitations and its whims, was important enough to give interest to Schopenhauer's views, even apart from the relative truth which they contain. Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) was the son of a mer- chant in Dantzic and his wife Johanna, n(fe Trosiener, who subsequently became known as a novelist. His early train- ing was gained from foreign travel, but after the death of his father he exchanged the mercantile career, which he had begun at his father's request, for that of a scholar, studying under G. E. Schulze in Gottingen, and under Fichte at Berlin. In 1813 he gained his doctor's degree in Jena with a dissertation On the Fotirfold Root of the Prhi' ciple of Sufficient Reason. Then he moved from Weimar, the residence of his mother, where he had associated con- siderably with Goethe and had been introduced to Indian philosophy by Fr. Mayer, to Dresden (1814-18). In the latter place he wrote the essay On Sight and Colors (1816; subsequently published by the author in Latin), and his chief work, The World as Will and Idea {i^g new edition, with a second volume, 1844). After the com-