53^ SCHOPENHAUER. pletion of the latter he began his first Itah'an journey, while his second tour fell in the interval between his two quite unsuccessful attempts (in Berlin 1820 and 1825) to propagate his philosophy from the professor's desk. From 1831 until his death he lived in learned retirement in Frankfort-on-the-Main. Here he composed the opuscule On Will in Nature, 1836, the prize treatises O71 the Free- dom of the Human Will and On the Foundation of Ethics (to- gether, The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics, 1841), and the collection of minor treatises Parerga and Parali- pomena, 2 vols., 1851 (including an essay " On Religion"). J. Frauenstadt has published a considerable amount of posthumous material (among other things the translation, B. Gracians Hayidorakel der Weltklugheit) ; the Collected Works (6 vols., 1873-74, 2d ed., 1877, with a biographical notice); Lichtstrahlen aus Schopenhauers Werhen, 1861, 5th ed.^ 1885 ; and a Schopenhauer Lexicon, 2 vols., 1871.* In regard to subjective idealism Schopenhauer confesses himself a thoroughgoing Kantian. That sensations are merely states in us has long been known ; Kant opened the eyes of the world to the fact that the forms of knowledge are also the property of the subject. I know things only as they appear to me, as I represent them in virtue of the constitution of my intellect ; the world is my idea. The
- From the remaining Schopenhauer literature (F. Laban has published a
chronological survey of it, 1880) we may call attention to the critiques of the first edition of the chief work by Herbart and Beneke, and that of the second edition by Fortlage {Jenaische Litteratur Zeittmg, 1S45, Nos. 146-15 1); J. E. Erdmann Herbart und Schopenhauer, eine Antithese (Zeitschrift fiir Philosophie, 1851) ; Wilh. Gwinner, Schopenhauers Leben, 1878 (the second edi- tion of Schopenhauer aus personlichem Umgang dargestellt, 1862) ; Fr. Nietzsche, Schopenhauer als Erzieher (^Unzeitgemdsse Betrachtungen, Stiick Hi., 1874); O. Busch, A. Schopenhauer, 2d. ed., 1878 ; K. Peters, Schopenhauer ah Philosoph und Schriftsteller, 1880; R. Koeber, Z>/> Philosophie A. Schopen- hauers, 1888. [The English reader may be referred to Haldane and Kemp's translation of The World as Will and Idea, 3 vols., 1883-86 ; the translation of The Fourfold Root and the Will in Nature in Bohn's Philosophical Library, 1889 ; Saunders's translations from the Parerga and Paralipomena, 1889 seq. ; Helen Zimmern's Arthur Schopenhauer, his Life and his Philosophy, 1876 ; W. Wallace's Schopenhauer, Great Writers Series, 1890 (with a bibliography by Anderson, including references to numerous magazine articles, etc.) ; Sully's Pessimism, 2d ed., 1882, chap. iv. ; and Royce's Spirit of Modern Philosophy, chap, viii., 1892. — Tr.]
