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MORALITY AND RELIGION. 545 (" Nirvana "), yet (as the ultimate, incomprehensible per se, which remains after the annulling of the will) only a relative nothingness — relative to the phenomenon. Schopenhauer disposes of the sense of responsibility and the reproofs of conscience, which are inconvenient facts for his determinism, by making them both refer, not to single deeds and the empirical character, but to the indi- visible act of the intelligible character. Conscience does not blame me because I have acted as I must act with my character and the motives given, but for being what in these actions I reveal myself to be. Operari sequitiir esse. My action follows from my being, my being was my own free choice, and a new act of freedom is alone capable of transforming it. If Schopenhauer is fond of referring to the agreement of his views with the oldest and most perfect religions, the idea lies in the background that religion, — which springs from the same metaphysical needs as philosophy, and, for the great multitude, who lack the leisure and the capacity for philosophical thought, takes the place of the former, — as the metaphysics of the people, clothes the same funda- mental truths which the philosopher offers in conceptual form and supports by rational grounds in the garb of myth and allegory, and places them under the protection of an external authority. When this character of religion is over- looked, and that which is intended to be symbolical is taken for literal truth (it is not the supernaturalists alone who start with this unjust demand, but the rationalists also, with their minimizing interpretations), it becomes the worst enemy of true philosophy. In Christianity the doctrines of original sin and of redemption are especially congenial to our philosopher, as well as mysticism and ascet- icism. He declares Mohammedanism the worst religion on account of its optimism and abstract theism, and Buddhism the best, because it is idealistic, pessimistic, and — atheistic. It was not until after the appearance of the second edi- tion of his chief work that Schopenhauer experienced in increasing measure the satisfaction — which his impatient ambition had expected much earlier — of seeing his philos- ophy seriously considered. A zealous apostle arose for