546 SCHOPENHAUER'S FOLLOWERS. him in Julius Frauenstadt (died 1878; Letters on the Phu losopJiy of Schopenhauer, 1854; New Letters on the Phi- losophy 0/ Schopenhauer, 1876), who, originally an Hegelian, endeavored to remove pessimism from the master's system. Like Eduard von Hartmann, who will be discussed below, Julius Bahnsen (died 1882; TJie Contradiction in the Knowl- edge and Being of the World, the Principle and Particular Verification of Real- Dialctic, 1880-81 ; also, interesting char- acterological studies) seeks to combine elements from Schopenhauer and Hegel, while K. Peters {Will-world and World-will, 1883) shows in another direction points of con- tact with the first named thinker. Of the younger mem- bers of the school we may name P. Deussen in Kiel {The Elements of Metaphysics, 2d ed., 1890), and Philipp Mainlander {Philosophy of Redemption, 2d ed., 1879). ^^ we have mentioned above, Schopenhauer's doctrines have exercised an attractive force in artistic circles also. Richard jWagner (1813-83; Collected Writings, 9 vols., 1871-73, vol. X. 1883; 2d ed., 1887-88), whose earlier aes- thetic writings ( The Art-work of the Future, 1 850 ; Opera and Drama, 1851) had shown the influence of Feuerbach, in his later works {Beethoven, 1870; Religion and Art, in the third volume of the Bayreuther Blatter, 1880) became an adherent of Schopenhauer, after, in the Ring of the Nibel- ung, he had given poetical expression to a view of the world nearly allied to Schopenhauer's, though this was previous to his acquaintance with the works of the latter.* One of the most thoughtful disciples of the Frankfort philosopher and the Bayreuth dramatist is Friedrich Nietzsche (born 1844). His Unseasonable Reflections, 1873- 76, f is a summons to return from the errors of modern culture, which, corrupted by the seekers for gain, by the state, by the polite writers and savants, especially by the professors of philosophy, has made men cowardly and false instead of simple and honorable, mere self-satis-
- Cf. on Wagner, Fr. v. Hausegger, Wapier und Schopenhauer, 1878.
[English translation of Wagner's Prose Works by Ellis, vol. i., 1892. — Tr.] + "D. Strauss, the Confessor and the Author"; " On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life"; " Schopenhauer as an Educator " ; " R- Wagner in Bayreuth."
