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550 ITALY. ical vagaries to the monks ! His countrymen honor in him the man who first included ethics and politics in philosoph- ical instruction, and who used the Italian language both from the desk and in his writings, holding that a nation whose scientific works are not composed in its own tongue is barbarian. The sensationalism of Condillac, starting from Parma, gained influence over Melchiore Gioja (1767-1828 ; Statis- tical Logic, 1803 ; Ideology, 1822) and Giandomenico Ro- magnosi (1761-1835 ; What is the Soutid Mind? 1827), but not without experiencing essential modification from both. The importance of these men, moreover, lies more in the sphere of social philosophy than in the sphere of noetics. Of the three greatest Italian philosophers of this century, Galluppi, Rosmini, and Gioberti, the first named is more in sympathy with the Kantian position than he himself will confess. Pasquale Galluppi^ (1770-1846; from 1831 pro- fessor at Naples) adheres to the principle of experience, but does not conceive experience as that which is sensu- ously given, but as the elaboration of this through the syn- thetic relations {rapporti) of identity and difference, which proceed from the activity of the mind. Vincenzo de Grazia {Essay on the Reality of Huniati Knowledge, 1839-42), who holds all relations to be objective, and Ottavio Colecchi (died 1847; Philosophical Investigations, 1843), who holds them all subjective, oppose the view of Galluppi that some are objective and others subjective. According to De Grazia judgment is observation, not connection ; it finds out the relations contained in the data of sensation ; it discovers, but does not produce them. Colecchi reduces the Kantian categories to two, substance and cause. Testa, Borelli (1824), and, among the younger men, Cantoni, are Kantians ; Labriola is an Herbartian. ♦ Galluppi : Philosophical Essay on the Critique of Knowledge, 1 8 19 seq.; Lectures on Logic and Metaphysics, 1832 seq.; Philosophy of the Will, 1832 seq.; On the System of Fichte, or Considerations on Transcendental Idealism and Absolute Rationalism, 1841. By the Letters on the History of Philosophy from Descartes to Kant, 1827, in the later editions to Cousin, he became the. founder of this discipline in his native land.