ROSMINI, GIOBERTI. 55* Antonio Rosmini-Serbati * (born 1797 at Rovereto, died 1855 at Stresa) regards knowledge as the common product of sensibility and understanding, the former furnishing the matter, the latter the form. The form is one : the Idea of being which precedes all judgment, which does not come from myself, which is innate, and apprehensible by imme- diate inner perception {essere ideale, ente tiniversale). The pure concepts (substance, cause, unity, necessity) arise when the reflecting reason analyzes this general Idea of being ; the mixed Ideas (space, time, motion ; body, spirit), when the understanding applies it to sensuous experience. The universal Idea of being and the particular existences are in their being identical, but in their mode of existence different. In his posthumous TheosopJiy, 1859 seq., Rosmini no longer makes the universal being receive its determinations from without, but produce them from its own inner nature by means of an a priori development. Vincenzo Gioberti * (born 1801 in Turin, died 1852 at Paris) has been compared as a patriot with Fichte, and in his cast of thought with Spinoza. In place of Rosmini's " psychologism," which was advanced by Descartes and which leads to skepticism, he seeks to substitute " ontol- ogism," which is alone held capable of reconciling science and the Catholic religion. By immediate intuition (the content of which Gioberti comprehends in the formula " Being creates the existences ") we cognize the absolute as the creative ground of two series, the series of thought and the series of reality. The endeavors of Ros- mini and Gioberti to bring the reason into harmony with the faith of the Church were fiercely attacked by Giussepe Ferrari (181 1-76) and Ausonio Franchi (1853), while Francesco Bonatelli {Thought and Cognition, 1864) and Terenzio Mamiani (1800-85 ; Confessions of a Metaphysi- cian, 1865), follow a line of thought akin to the Platonizing
- Rosmini: New Essay on the Origin of Ideas, 1830 (English translation,
1883-84) ; Principles of Moral Science. 1831 ; Philosophy of Right, 1841. Gioberti : Introduction to the Study of Philosophy, 1840 ; Philosophical Errors of A. Rosmini, 1842 ; On the Beautifttl, 1841 ; On the Good, 1842 ; Protology, edited by Massari, 1857. On both cf. R. Seydel, Zeitschrift fiir Philosophies 1859.
