COURSE OF FRENCH PHILOSOPHY. 563 was opposed by P. Leroux and J, Reynaud, have come Ravaisson, Saisset, Jules Simon, P, Janet (born 1823),* and E. Caro (born 1826; The Philosophy of Goethe, 1866). Kant has influenced Charles Renouvier (born 1817; Essays in General Criticism, 4 vols., 1854-64) and E. Vacherot (born 1809; Metaphysics and Science, 1858, 2d ed., 1863; Scietice and Consciousness, 1872). Among other thinkers of reputation we may mention the socialist Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825 ; Selected Works, 1859), ^^^ physiologist Claude Bernard (1813-78), the posi- tivist H. Taine (1828-93; The Philosophy of Art, English translation by Durand, 2d ed., 1873 ; On Intelligence, 1872, English translation by Haye, 1871), E. Renan (1823-92 ; The Life of Jesus, 1863, English translation by Wilbour, Philosophical Dialogues and Fragments — English, 1883), the writer on aesthetics and ethics J. M. Guyau {The Problems of Contemporary Esthetics, 1884 ; Sketch of an Ethic with- out Obligation or Sanction, 1885 ; ^^^^ Irreligion of the Future, 1887), Alfred Y omWcQ {The Future of Metaphysics founded on Experience, 1889; Morals, Art, and Religion ac- cording to Guyau, 1889 ; The Evolutionism of the Idea-Forces, 1890), and the psychologist Th. Ribot,t editor of the Revue Philosophique {irom. i?>'j6). 3. Great Britain and America. Prominent among the British philosophers of the nine- teenth century :{; are Hamilton, Bentham, J. S. Mill, and Spencer. Hamilton is the leading representative of the
- Janet: History of Political Science in its Relations to Morals, 1858, 3d ed.,
1887 ; German Materialism of the Present Day, 1864, English translation by Masson, 1866: The Family, 1855 ; The Philosophy of Happiness, 1862; Th^ Brain and Thought, 1867 ; Elements of Morals, 1869 [English translation by Corson, 1884] ; The Theory of Morals, 1874 [English translation by Mary Chapman, 1883] ; Final Causes, 1876 [English translation by Affleck, with a preface by Flint, new ed., 1883]. f Ribot : Heredity, 2d ed., 1882 [English translation, 1875J ; The Diseases of Memory, 1881 [English translation, 1882] ; The Diseases of the IVill, 1883 [English, 1884] ; The Diseases of Personality, 1885 [English, 1887] ; The Psychology of Attention, i88g [English, i8go] ; German Psychology of To-day, 2d ed., 1885 [English translation by Baldwin. 1886]. X Cf. Harald Hoffding, Einleitung in die englische Philosophic uns^er Zeit (Danish, 1874), German (with alterations and additions by the author) by H.
