- SWEDEN. 5 S3
the quarterly, The Monist (1890 seq^, published by the same company under the direction of Paul Carus {The Soul of Man, 1891), the establishment of a monistic view of the world. Several journals, among them the Educational Review (1891 seq., edited by N. M. Butler), point to a grow- ing interest in pedagogical inquiry. The American Philo- sophical Review (1892 seq., edited by J. G. Schurman, The Ethical Import of Darwinism, 1887) is a comprehensive exponent of American philosophic thought. 4. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Holland. In Sweden an empirical period represented by Leopold (died 1829) and Th. Thorild (died 1808), and based upon Locke and Rousseau, was followed, after the introduction of Kant by D. Boethius, 1794, by a drift toward idealism- This was represented in an extreme form by B. Hoijer (died 1812), a contemporary and admirer of Fichte, who defended the right of philosophical construction, and more moderately by Christofer Jacob Bostrom (1797-1866), the most important systematic thinker of his country. As predecessors of Bostrom we may mention Biberg (died 1827), E. G. Geijer (died 1846), and S. Grubbe (died 1853), like him professors in Upsala, and of his pupils, S. Ribbing, known in Germany by his peculiar conception of the Pla- tonic doctrine of ideas (German translation, 1863-64), the moralist Sahlin (1877), the historian of Swedish phi-^ losophy * (1873 seq.) A. Nyblaeus of Lund, and H. Edfeldt of Upsala, the editor of Bostrom's works (1883). Bostrom's philosophy is a system of self-activity and per- sonalism which recalls Leibnitz and Krause. The absolute or being is characterized as a concrete, systematically artic- ulated, self-conscious unity, which dwells with its entire con- tent in each of its moments, and whose members both bear the character of the whole and are immanent in one another, standing in relations of organic inter-determination. The antithesis between unity and plurality is only apparent, present only for the divisive view of finite consciousness. God is infinite, fully determinate personality (for determi-
- Cf . Hoffding, Die Philosophie in Schweden in the Philosophise he Monair
hefte, vol. xv. 1879, p. 193 seq.
