David." Dr. Chandler was a man of extensive learning and eminent abilities, and both his talents and general character were such as to procure for him a powerful influence in the dissenting body of which he was a member.—J. R. B.
CHANDOS, Sir John, a famous English knight, who contributed greatly to the success of Edward III. and the Black Prince in their wars with France. He commanded a division at the battle of Poitiers, where King John was taken prisoner, and was mainly instrumental in gaining the victory. He was appointed regent of all the possessions which the king of England had in France, and constable of Guienne. His courage and skill mainly decided the battle of Auray in 1364, which gave the duchy of Brittany to the house of Montfort. Sir John was as generous as he was brave; and when his great antagonist, Bertrand de Guesclin, was taken prisoner at the battle of Navarette in 1367, Sir John solicited and obtained his liberty, and himself became security for his ransom. This valiant knight was at length mortally wounded in a skirmish at the bridge of Lussac near Poitiers. "God have mercy on his soul," says Froissart, who dwells upon his exploits with great delight, "for never since a hundred years did there exist among the English one more courteous nor fuller of every virtue and good quality than him."—J. T.
* CHANGARNIER, Nicolas-Anne-Theodule, a celebrated French general, who took a leading part in public affairs between the overthrow of Louis Philippe and the coup d'etat of Louis Napoleon. He was born in 1793, educated at the military school of St. Cyr, and entered the army in 1815 as sous-lieutenant. He took part in the invasion of Spain in 1823, and distinguished himself in the affair of Jorda and of Caldes. After the revolution of 1830 he was sent on the African expedition with the rank of captain. The courage and coolness he displayed in an expedition which Marshal Clausel undertook against Achmet-Bey extricated the French troops from a position of great peril, and gained for Changarnier the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was actively engaged in all the subsequent expeditions against the Kabyles and Abd-el-Kader, and in 1843 was promoted to the rank of general of division. M. Changarnier visited Paris in 1848, but in May of that year was sent to replace General Cavaignac in the government of Algeria. Five months after, he returned to France, and was chosen by the electors of the Seine to represent them in the national assembly. When the insurrection broke out in Paris in June, 1848, Changarnier was appointed commander of the national guard, and retained that office after the election of Louis Napoleon as president of the republic. He was subsequently invested also with the command of the troops stationed in the capital. He resolutely opposed the ambitious projects of Louis Napoleon, and exhibited unwavering fidelity to the national assembly. He was in consequence arrested and imprisoned, along with the other leading statesmen and generals, on the night of the coup d'etat, 2nd December, 1851, and since the establishment of the empire has lived in exile at Brussels.—J. T.
CHANGE. See Duchange.
CHANGEUX, Pierre Jacques, born at Orleans, January, 1740. Attention was first called to his name by an article in the famous Encyclopedie under the title "Realité," which he made the vehicle for propounding a doctrine which, at the present day, characterizes a rather small, but yet important sect. Reality, according to Changeux, never belongs to extremes, but is always found in what the doctrinaires call le juste milieu. Whatever be the truth of this maxim, it would have been well for the author had he confined it to speculative philosophy. He attempted to bring within its scope all branches of human knowledge, and in trying to fit facts of science to an ethical theory, failed in many important particulars. He was a profound thinker, a good metaphysician, and skilled in the natural sciences. He died in October, 1800.—J. F. C.
CHANNING, Edward Tyrrel, LL.D., brother of William Ellery Channing, professor of rhetoric and oratory in Harvard college from 1819 to 1851, was born in Newport, December 12, 1790. He was educated at Harvard, in the class which graduated in 1808, and then studied law and was admitted to practice in Boston. But his tastes were literary, and he became associated with a club of gentlemen who founded the North American Review, to the early pages of which he was a frequent contributor, and of which, in 1818, he was the editor. The next year he was appointed to a professorship in the college. The graduates of his day were more deeply indebted to him than to any other person for the guidance of their tastes, and the formation of their opinions. He did not publish much; some contributions to the reviews, and a life of his grandfather, William Ellery, being all that appeared in his lifetime; but after his death a volume which he had himself prepared, of selections from his lectures, was printed at Cambridge. He retired from office in 1851, and died February 7, 1856, aged sixty-five.—F. B.
CHANNING, William Ellery, D.D., an eloquent American preacher, essayist, and philanthropist, was born at Newport, Rhode Island, April 7, 1780. His father was an able lawyer in that place, who had held high offices in the state; his mother was a daughter of William Ellery, one of the signers of the declaration of independence. From early childhood Mr. Channing was remarkable for sensibility of temperament, sweetness of disposition, purity of manners, and a peculiar earnestness of faith and feeling, so that his associates used to call him "the little minister." Small and slightly built, delicate in health, with a very expressive face and a melodious voice, he quickly won the confidence and esteem of all around him, and bright hopes were entertained of the part which he was to play in life. And, in these respects, the child was the father of the man; his whole career was but the uniform and consistent development of these traits of mind, character, and person. "Washington Allston the artist, his life-long friend, described him as a brave and ingenuous child, who, though his junior, inspired him with a sentiment of respect." After completing his preparatory studies under the charge of one of his uncles, he entered Harvard college when only fifteen years old, and graduated in 1798 with the highest honours of his class. In order to support himself while studying theology, he became a private tutor in a wealthy family in Virginia, and there soon learned to detest the institution against which he laboured so long and so earnestly in his subsequent life. "This alone," he wrote home, "would prevent me from ever settling in Virginia. Language cannot express my detestation of it. Master and slave! Nature never made such a distinction, or established such a relation." His earnestness in study, which he was wont to continue late into the night, and some injudicious attempts to harden himself by an ascetic regimen, injured his health, so that when he returned to Newport in 1800, it was as a thin and pale invalid. Still he pursued his studies for the ministry at home and in Cambridge, Mass., and in June, 1803, he was ordained a pastor of the church in Federal Street, Boston. In this situation he continued for the rest of his life, though ill health often prevented him from discharging all its duties; and, after the lapse of twenty years, he was obliged to ask the aid of a colleague, upon whom by degrees a large portion of the work was devolved. Towards the close of his life, aware that he was performing but little clerical labour, he repeatedly asked leave to give up his position and salary altogether; but his people were so much attached to him that they would not think of a total separation. His preaching made a strong impression even on those, who, two years after his settlement, had the privilege of hearing for the first time the silver tones and fervid eloquence of the younger Buckminster. Never before or since has the standard of pulpit eloquence been so high in Boston as it was during the early ministry of these two young men, the elder of whom was hardly twenty-five years old. Channing was always a spiritualist, and in the latter part of his life he inclined perhaps to mysticism. But in expression he was always simple and clear, his depth of feeling and earnestness of purpose always finding forcible and perspicuous utterance. His tenets were those of unitarianism, most of his earliest published discourses being a defence of the doctrines usually known under that name, or rather an exposure of what he regarded as the gloomy views of calvinistic theology. But he grew more and more impatient of any bondage of sects or creeds, and wished to work out a faith for himself, and to be known only as a liberal christian, claiming and conceding the largest liberty of thought. He wished to carry out the precepts of christianity into action and life, and with advancing years he became more and more interested in the movements for opposing slavery and instituting social reforms.
Dr. Channing became generally known as a brilliant essayist by the publication, in 1826-29, of his articles on Milton, Bonaparte, and Fenelon. They are characteristic productions, not pretending to breadth or completeness of portraiture, but regarding the subject exclusively from a moral and christian point of
