half of the fourteenth century, and obtained distinction as a theological writer.
ALDEGATI, Marco Antonio, an Italian poet, born at Mantua, held the chair of Latin poetry at Ravenna about 1484.
ALDEGRAEF or ALDEGREVER, Heinrich, a German painter, pupil of Albert Durer, born in Westphalia in 1502; died 1562. He has left several valuable series of engravings.
ALDEGUELA, Joseph Martin d', a Spanish architect, was born at Menzanede in 1730, and died in 1802 at Malaga, where he had erected an excellent aqueduct.
ALDERETE, Diego Garcias d', a Spaniard, who lived in the sixteenth century, and became distinguished for his attainments in classical literature.
ALDERETE, Joseph and Bernardo, two Spanish ecclesiastics, who were born at Malaga in the 16th century, and distinguished themselves as antiquarians and orientalists.
ALDERSON, John, a distinguished physician, who was born at Lowestoft in 1758, practised at Hull and Whitby, and died in 1829. He wrote several treatises on various medical subjects.
ALDHELM, Saint, of the royal blood of Wessex, and nearly related to King Ina, entered upon the monastic life at Malmesbury, where he became abbot. He spent his large estate in erecting and endowing churches, and is said to have built the first organ in England. Aldhelm was also indefatigable as a preacher, and most assiduous in teaching the ignorant, for which purpose he made a Saxon version of the Psalms. On the death of Hedda, bishop of Winchester, the see was divided, and Aldhelm, against his will, was made bishop of Sherborne. He was most anxious for union with the Welsh Christians, who refused to adopt the Roman usages, and was so far successful as to keep the peace, during his life, between Ina, king of Wessex, and Grant, the Celtic king of Cornwall. Aldhelm died May 25th, 709. He had corresponded with all the learned men of the day, and was himself a scholar of no mean parts. His life, written by King Alfred, has unfortunately perished.—J. B., O.
ALDHUN, bishop of Lindisfarne, who brought St. Cuthbert's body to its final resting-place at Durham, of which see he was the first bishop, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction having been transferred thither from Lindisfarne. Died in 1018.
ALDIGHIERI or ALTICHIERO DA ZEVIO, an Italian painter, flourishing about 1382. He was attached to the Scaligeri, the lords of Verona, for whom he executed several important works, noted for excellent conception and beautiful colouring.—R. M.
ALDINI, Giovanni, nephew of the famous Galvani, was born at Bologna, 1762; died in 1834. Being perfect master of several languages, he wrote his works in various tongues, and published them in different countries. He wrote in English:—"General Views on the Application of Galvanism to Medical Purposes, Principally in Cases of Suspended Animation," and "A Short Account of Experiments made in Italy, and Recently Repeated in Geneva and Paris, for Preserving Human Life and Objects of Value from Destruction by Fire."—S.
ALDINI, Tobia, superintendent of the Farnesian garden at Rome, was born at Cesena in the 17th century. He has left a description of this garden, in which he was assisted by Pietro Castelli, and which contains many particulars interesting to botanists. The Farnesian mimosa takes its name from him.
ALDOBRANDINI, Fiorentino, commonly called Dino, for some time taught medicine at Bologna, but finally settled at Sienna. He has left some notes on the treatise of Hippocrates upon the nature of the fœtus. Died at Florence in 1327.
ALDOBRANDINI. A noble Tuscan family of this name flourished at Florence from the twelfth to nearly the close of the fifteenth century, and produced several celebrated men, amongst whom were:—Silvestro, who was a professor of law in Pisa during the sixteenth century, and was appointed advocate of the treasury and apostolic chamber by Paul III.—Giovanni, son of Silvestro, was created a cardinal by Pio V.—Tommaso, his brother, has left some works of little consequence, which, however, have been admired by Casaubon.—Ippolito, another brother, became pope by the name of Clement VIII. (see that name.)—Cinzio Passero, nephew of these three last, was named cardinal in 1593. Tasso has dedicated to him his "Gerusalemme Conquistata." —Pietro, his brother, also a cardinal, was appointed legate to France, and settled the unhappy dissensions which existed between the duke of Savoy and Henri Quatro.—Giovanni Francesco, a third brother, was a soldier, and fought under Rodolph II. in his wars with the Turks. His son Silvestro became a cardinal, and his nephew Giovanni-Giorgia was created prince of Rossano, in the kingdom of Naples. In his person this celebrated family became extinct, his daughter Ottavia carrying all its wealth to the families of Borghese and Pamfili, with whom she became allied by marriage.—S.
ALDOBRANDINI, Giuseppe, an Italian musician of the seventeenth century, was long president of the Philharmonic Society of Bologna. He has left some specimens of his art, which have been published at Amsterdam.
ALDRED, surnamed the Presbyter, or the Glosser, i.e., Commentator, author of the curious and valuable Anglo-Saxon manuscript, called "The Book of Durham," preserved in the cathedral of that town. He lived about the commencement of the ninth century.
ALDRED, called also ALRED and EALRED, was originally a monk of Winchester. His first ecclesiastical dignity was the abbey of Tavistock, whence Edward the Confessor promoted him to the see of Worcester, in which capacity he undertook an embassy to the Emperor Henry II. Aldred seems to have been an avaricious man, for we find him holding many benefices, and administering the affairs of the dioceses of Hereford and Winchester in the absence of their bishop. On his elevation to the archbishopric of York in 1060, he procured the royal license to hold in commendam his old see of Worcester; but Pope Nicholas II. refused him the pall when he applied for it at Rome, alleging that Aldred had been guilty of simoniacal practices. The matter was, however, settled in Aldred's favour, and the pall was eventually granted at the intercession of Tosti, earl of Northumberland, who had accompanied Aldred to Rome, on that prelate's promising to resign the see of Worcester. Notwithstanding the favours Aldred had received from Edward, he did not hesitate, after the Confessor's death, to side with Harold, and when that prince had fallen at Hastings, Aldred passed over in like manner to the Conqueror, whom he crowned at Westminster. He had the courage, however, to rebuke William severely for his cruelty and oppression, when the true nature of the Norman rule was made manifest; and worn out with grief and disappointment at the failure of the inhabitants of the north to restore the national dynasty, he died soon after the capture of York by William, a.d. 1069.——J. B., O.
ALDRIC, Saint, an ecclesiastic of high standing under the immediate successors of Charlemagne, was born in France about 800, but was of a German family. He became bishop of Le Mans in 932; died in 856. His skill in music has given rise to a false impression, that he was the first to introduce the organ into churches.
ALDRICH, Henry, D.D., was born in 1647, and educated at Westminster school. In due course he passed to Christ's Church, Oxford, of which foundation he was afterwards a canon. Aldrich was a man of considerable attainments, a good scholar, architect, and musician. Of his skill in architecture, Oxford possesses many specimens; for example, Peckwater Quadrangle at Christ Church, the Chapel of Trinity College, and All Saint's Church. Several services and anthems attest his proficiency in sacred music, and the "Bonny Christ Church bells" prove the versatility of his musical powers. His compendium of logic is used to this day at Oxford. Aldrich died in 1710. He had collected materials for a history of music, which, however, he never published, and was employed as one of the editors of Clarendon's History of the Rebellion. Besides the "Logic" mentioned above, he left some tracts on the real presence, and a Latin work on the principles of architecture.—J. B., O.
ALDRICH, Robert, was born at Burnham in Bucks, and was appointed archdeacon of Colchester, 1530, canon of Windsor, 1534, and bishop of Carlisle, 1537. The doctrinal changes in Henry's, Edward's, and Mary's time, made no difference to Bishop Aldrich. He complied with them all, and died, 1555, in possession of his see. He left a few theological pieces.
ALDRINGER, Johann, an Austrian field-marshal under Ferdinand II., who raised himself from the position of a common soldier. He was commissary-general to the army of Wallenstein in 1625, and after many successes, drowned himself in the Iser because he failed before Landshut in 1634.
ALDROVANDINI. A family of artists of this name flourished at Bologna in the first half of the eighteenth century.—Giuseppe was a decorative painter, and much esteemed in his own department of art; his son Tommaso, who died 1736, in
