by Agnes Sorrel in 1450, and, as a last mark of his favour, was similarly honoured by his royal master. Chevalier continued to enjoy his places and pensions under Louis XI.—R. M., A.
CHEVALIER, Michel, a celebrated French political economist, born at Limoges in 1806. Having passed through the polytechnic school, and studied for two years in the École des mines, he was appointed engineer to the department of the north, in which capacity the revolution of 1830 found him. With the revolution sprung up the socialist sect of the Saint Simonians, of which M. Chevalier became an ardent member. The Globe newspaper having been started as the organ of the sect, it devolved on M. Chevalier, as chief editor, to vindicate doctrines which the government of July considered to be subversive of social order. The model establishment at Menilmontant was broken up by the police. M. Thiers, as lenient towards the members as he was hostile to their system, offered employment to those dreamy spirits not unworthy of their talents and ambition. The editor of the Globe was sent to the United States to study the American system of railways. His letters from that country, written in 1832, enriched the columns of the Journal des Debats. So well did he fulfil the objects of his mission, that he was authorized to go to England in 1836, to make a report on the causes of the commercial crisis of that year. After this he laboured, chiefly through the Debats, to prove to the French people the necessity of railway undertakings, with respect to which the country was miserably behindhand; and was rewarded for his pains by a seat in the council of state, and by a chair-of political economy in the college of France. In this capacity the professor boldly advocated free-trade. Having been elected deputy for L'Aveyron, his constituents punished the free trader by turning him out at the general election for 1846. Worse still, the republic of 1848 abolished his professorship. The empire not only restored him to his chair, but raised him to the rank of senator. He died in 1863.—J. F. C.
CHEVALLIER, François Fulgis, a French botanist, died in 1840. He published a flora of the environs of Paris, and devoted attention specially to cryptogamic plants. He wrote a history of the natural order graphideæ, in which he gives valuable anatomical and physiological details, as well as a classification of the genera. A large work containing illustrations of European fungi was left incomplete at his death.—J. H. B.
CHEVERUS, Jean-Louis-Anne-Madeleine Lefebvre, de, a French cardinal, who being driven from his country by the troubles of the Revolution, settled at Boston in America, and there during many years by indefatigable labours as a priest and a philanthropist, secured the highest esteem not only of his co-religionists, but of the general community—was born at Mayenne in 1768. Obliged by ill-health to return to France in 1823, he was received with rapture by his countrymen, and was appointed by the king bishop of Montauban, and shortly afterwards archbishop of Bordeaux. He died in 1836.—J. S., G.
CHEVREAU, Urbain, born at Loudon in 1613; died in 1701. Of his earlier life little is known, except that he was fond of travelling, and found the means of living abroad. In 1652 we find him at Stockholm secretary to Queen Christina. We find him afterwards at Heidelberg consellor of the Elector-palatine Charles-Louis. He is mentioned as the instrument used in the conversion of the Princess-palatine Charlotte Elizabeth, when this step was adopted as a convenient arrangement, previous to her marriage with the duc d'Orleans. After the elector's death he returned to Paris, and was appointed, first, preceptor, and afterwards private secretary of the duc du Maine. He subsequently retired to Loudon, where the rest of his life was past in study and in the cultivation of flowers. He published several dramatic works and romances. A work of his, giving an account of the great rebellions which have changed the face of society, was at one time popular. It has been printed sometimes with the title of "Tableaux de la Fortune," sometimes as "Effets de la Fortune." Another of his works, "Histoire du Monde," has been very often reprinted. He is accused of having, in the earlier part of his work, made too much use of rabbinical legends.—J. A., D.
CHEVRIER, François Antoine, born at Nancy about 1720; died at Rotterdam in 1752. Chevrier's life was irregular and unfortunate. His talents were considerable, his education good, and he entered life with high prospects. He was for a short time in the army, which, however, he left from some impulse of literary ambition. "He thought," says Gustave Desnoireterres, "that he could better use a pen than a sword; but in his hand the pen became a dagger." He published a history of the illustrious John of Lorraine, and was banished or had to fly the country. It is said that he was sentenced to the galleys for calumny. This is unlikely, for we find him soon after the publication at Paris, engaged in scribbling obscene and libellous pamphlets. He has to quit France, hides for awhile somewhere in Germany, and is next found at the Hague. Here he continues his libels; but not feeling himself safe from the French government, to whom he is afraid of being delivered up, he gets to Rotterdam, and here dies so suddenly that poison is suspected. His works, all of them produced to provide for the wants of the passing day, are very numerous. "The Colporteur" is still looked at occasionally.—J. A., D.
CHEYNE, George, a distinguished physician, was born in Scotland in the year 1670. He was intended by his parents for the church, but after attending the lectures of Dr. Archibald Pitcairn he determined to study medicine. He took his degree of M.D. in Edinburgh and came to London about the year 1700, and soon after published his "Theory of Fevers," in which he attempts to explain the doctrine of secretion on mechanical principles. His next work, on "Fluxions," was published in 1705, and procured his admission into the Royal Society. This work was rather severely critcised by Drs. Oliphant and De Moiore. In after life he acknowledged the justice of their remarks, which gave him great offence at the time. A work entitled "Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion" was dedicated to the earl of Roxburgh, for whose use it seems to have been written. Cheyne's natural and hereditary disposition to corpulency, increased by full living in London, soon undermined his health, and he gives a very graphic description of his symptoms in a work entitled "The English Malady," published in 1734. His size became prodigious, so that at one time he weighed thirty-two stones. He says—"My breath became so short that upon stepping into my chariot quickly and with some effort, I was ready to faint away for want of breath, and my face turned black." His own sufferings seem to have led him to determine on a rigid diet as the only means of cure, and after trying various forms of food, he confined himself to "seeds, bread, mealy roots, and milk." This treatment answered so well in his own case that he recommended it strongly to his patients, and enforced it on all those who would listen to him. Having been of a very social and jovial disposition, often indulging too freely in the pleasures of the table, this change in his habits was the more remarkable, and lost him the acquaintance of many who had before taken delight in his company. He thus mentions the fact in the account of his own case. "On this occasion all my bouncing, protesting, undertaking companions forsook me, and dropt off like autumnal leaves; they could not bear, it seems, to see their companion in such misery and distress, but retired to cheer themselves with a cheerupping cup, leaving me to pass the melancholy moments with my own apprehensions and remorse. Even those who had shared the best part of my profusions, who had been assisted in their necessities by my false generosity, and in their disorders relieved by my care, did now entirely relinquish and abandon me, so that I was forced to retire into the country quite alone, being reduced to the state of Cardinal Wolsey when he said 'that if he had served his Maker as faithfully and warmly as he had his prince, he would not have forsaken him in that extremity;' and so will every one find when union and friendship are not founded on solid virtue or in conformity to the divine order, but in sensual pleasures, and mere jollity." He goes on to say how at this time he began to look to religion for comfort and consolation, and "at last came to this firm and settled resolution, to neglect nothing to secure my eternal peace, more than if I had been certified I should die within the day; nor to mind anything that my secular avocations and duties demanded of me less than if I had been insured to live fifty years more. This, though with infinite weakness and imperfection, has been my settled intention in the main since." On his recovery to health he gradually returned to a more generous diet, though after repeated attacks of illness he again resumed his milk and farinaceous regimen, which he continued until his death in 1742, which took place at Bath. Dr. Cheyne's published works are six in number, all bearing the impress of earnestness and a desire for truth. They are very interesting as the opinions and practice of an intelligent physician of that period, combined with the thoughts and aspirations
