free, that Cassander should govern certain European provinces, and Lysimachus and Ptolemy should reign over Thrace and Egypt. This treaty, however, was soon broken by Ptolemy, who made a descent upon Asia Minor, but was defeated with great loss by Demetrius, the son of Antigonus. The success he thus obtained induced Antigonus to adopt the title of king, which he also conferred upon his son; and from this period, 306 b.c., his reign may be said to have begun. A new combination was soon formed against him, and in 301 b.c. he met the army of the confederates at Ipsus in Phrygia, when he was defeated, and died of his wounds in his eighty-fourth year.—F.
ANTIGONUS, surnamed Doson, was king of Macedonia, and born about 263 b.c. He was grandson of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and governed Macedonia during the minority of his nephew Philip, son of Demetrius II., whose widow he espoused, and was in consequence proclaimed king 229 b.c. After conquering Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and obtaining various martial triumphs, he died 221 b.c., and was succeeded on the throne by Philip, the lawful heir to the kingdom,—F.
ANTIGONUS, surnamed Gonatas from the place of his birth, was the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and grandson of the preceding; born 319 b.c. He gave liberty to the Armenians, expelled the Gauls who had made an irruption into his kingdom, and was at last driven from his dominions by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. But he eventually succeeded in recovering a great part of Macedonia, and having followed Pyrrhus into the neighbourhood of Argos, defeated him in battle. After this event Antigonus enlarged his territories, reigned thirty-four years, and was succeeded by his son Demetrius II., 239 b.c.—F.
ANTIGONUS, Sochœus, a high priest of the Hebrews about 310 b.c., and successor of Simeon the Just.
ANTIGONUS was the son of Aristobulus, a king of the Jews, and the last of the celebrated Asmonean dynasty. By means of an army obtained from the king of Parthia he took possession of Jerusalem, and caused the ears of his uncle Hyrcanus to be cut off, to incapacitate him for the office of high priest. The Roman senate then proclaimed him an enemy of the republic, and Mark Antony ordered him to re-establish Herod on the throne. After an unavailing defence and a siege of six months, Jerusalem was taken 37 b.c., and Antigonus was carried in fetters to Antony, who, at the request of Herod, put him to a shameful death at Antioch, 35 b.c.—F.
ANTILLON, a learned Spaniard, born about the year 1760 at Santa-Eulalia in Arragon, who, having studied at Saragossa, became professor of astronomy, geography, and history, in the royal college of Madrid; died 1820.
ANTIMACHUS. Three Greek poets bore this name:—
Anti´machus, a native of Claros in Ionia, who flourished about 404 b.c. His principal work was a poem on the Theban war. It was of great length, and at a public recital of the verses, all the audience left him except Plato, when Antimachus declared he would read on, as Plato was equal to a whole audience. Quintilian places him in the first rank as a poet after Homer. Of his works, the few fragments preserved have been published under the title, "Antimachi Colophonii Reliquiæ," Halle, 1786.
Antimachus of Teos in Ionia, flourished at a very remote period; of his works nothing is accurately known.
Antimachus of Heliopolis in Egypt, lived somewhat prior to the age of Augustus, and, according to Suidas, wrote a poem of 3780 hexameters on the creation of the world.—F.
ANTI´MACO, Marco-Antonio, an excellent Greek and Latin scholar, who was born at Mantua about 1473. Having first taught Greek in his native town, he became professor of that language in the university of Ferrara, and died in 1552.
ANTI´NOUS, a youth of Bithynia, celebrated for his extraordinary beauty. He was so great a favourite of the Emperor Adrian, that at his death he erected a temple to him, and wished it to be believed that he had been changed into a constellation. According to some authors, Antinous was accidentally drowned in the Nile; according to others, he threw himself from a rock into the river, to fulfil the decree of an oracle, which demanded for the emperor's preservation the immolation of one who was dear to him. Antinopolis or Antinoe was built in his honour; and his personal beauty has been recorded in innumerable Greek medals and statues.—F.
ANTI´OCHIS, a Greek lady, who devoted herself to the study of medicine; she is supposed to have lived in the 3d century b.c.
ANTI´OCHUS, king of Messene, reigned at first conjointly with his brother Androcles; but the two princes having quarrelled, a civil war commenced, in which Androcles perished Antiochus expired shortly after, in 744 b.c.
ANTIOCHUS, a Greek historian, born at Syracuse, lived about the commencement of the Peloponnesian war, 424 b.c.
ANTIOCHUS, the name of fourteen kings of Syria: —
Antiochus I., surnamed Soter, the Saviour, was a son o Seleucus Nicator, and born about 324 b.c. After a reign o 19 years, during which the Syrian monarchy had been greatly diminished, he was killed in a battle with the Gauls.
Antiochus II., son of the preceding and of Stratonice, succeeded his father in 261 b.c. He was poisoned at Ephesus by his queen Laodice in 246 b.c. It is supposed that the sixth verse of the eleventh chapter of Daniel refers to this Antiochus.
Antiochus III., surnamed, on account of his rapacity, Hierax, or The Hawk, was the second son of the preceding, and inherited Cilicia. He succeeded in wresting the other estates of the family from his elder brother Seleucus, but was shortly after obliged to seek refuge in Egypt, where he was murdered by some brigands of Thrace, 227 b.c.
Antiochus IV., surnamed The Great, was the second son of Seleucus Callinicus and Laodice. He was born about the year 238 b.c., and succeeded his eldest brother, Seleucus Ceraunus, in the year 223. In the second year of his reign he wrested a part of Cœle-Syria from Ptolemy Philopator; but, repulsed from the fortress of Gerrha by the Egyptian general Theodotus, and having received news of the revolt of the brothers Molo and Alexander, satraps of Media and Persia, he abandoned his conquests in that province and proceeded against the rebels. A few months sufficed for this expedition, which was terminated by the voluntary deaths of Molo and Alexander. Antiochus next reduced to submission Artabazanes, king of Media Atropatene. Seleucia was added to his dominions 219 b.c., and shortly after Cœle-Syria, Idumea, and Phenicia. Two years later the memorable battle of Raphia occurred, and Antiochus, signally defeated, was glad to secure a peace with Ptolemy by the relinquishment of all his conquests. The year following he undertook a campaign in Asia Minor against his cousin Archæus, who sustained a two years' siege in Sardes, but was finally betrayed into the hands of the king and put to death. The celebrated expedition into Upper Asia, which procured Antiochus his surname of The Great, set out in 212 b.c., and had for its object to subdue the Parthian king Arsaces, and Euthydemus, king of Bactriana. It lasted till 205 b.c., and although generally successful, terminated without displacing the obnoxious sovereigns. A year after his return to Syria, Antiochus began preparations for a war with Egypt, in which kingdom Ptolemy Philopator had just been succeeded by his son Ptolemy Philometor, a boy of five years. He regained Cœle-Syria and Palestine, but was prevented from invading Egypt by an embassy from Rome, which informed him that the youthful Ptolemy had been placed under the protection of the conscript fathers. In the year 199 b.c., while Antiochus was prosecuting a war against Attalus in Asia Minor, Palestine and Cœle-Syria were recovered by the Egyptians; but the following spring he defeated the Egyptian general Scopas at Paneas, and a third time obtained the mastery of these countries. Shortly after, commenced his warfare with the Romans, in which he was rapidly shorn of all his conquests, and finally compelled to pay a humiliating tribute. His resolution to engage the formidable masters of the West was the result of Hannibal's arrival at his court. In the year 192 b.c. he invaded Greece, but after some trifling successes was routed by M. Acilius Glabrio at Thermopylæ, whence he escaped to Calchis with only 500 horsemen. Another and more ruinous defeat happened to him in the winter of 190 b.c. near Magnesia, where, of 82,000 Syrians opposed to 30,000 Romans under command of the two Scipios, 54,000 were left on the field of battle. He besought a peace from the victors, which was granted on condition that he should surrender all Asia to the west of Taurus, and that he should pay the expenses of the war. To raise the money required for the latter purpose, he attempted to plunder the temple of Jupiter Belus in Elymais, but the inhabitants would not permit the sacrilege, and in the tumult their resistance gave rise to, Antiochus perished. The prophecy in Daniel xi. 10-19, is generally referred to this king.
Antiochus V., surnamed Epiphanes, born about the year 200 b.c., was the fifth son of the preceding, and succeeded
