released and sent home with proposals for an alliance between Athens and Persia.
ARTARIA, an enterprising publisher of music at Vienna, who introduced music-engraving into that city, died in 1799.
ARTARIO, Giuseppe, an Italian sculptor, born at Argegno, near Lugano, in 1697, died at Cologne, 1769. The son and pupil of Battista, a clever architect of his time, he finished his studies in Rome, where he avoided following the predominant mannerism, and adhered solely to the simple style of antiquity. Many are the works which this artist carried out, especially those for the elector of Cologne, in whose service were spent the last years of his active life.—R. M.
ARTASIRES (Arm. ARDASHES or ARDASHIR), the last Arsacid king of Armenia. He was placed on the throne by Bahram V. of Persia, who subsequently deposed him, annexing his dominions to Persia, under the name of Persarmenia, 248 b.c.
ARTAUD (Lat. ARTALDUS), a Benedictine monk, who succeeded Heribert of Vermandois, in the archbishopric of Rheims, in 932. He anointed Louis d'Outre Mer to the throne of France, and after various vicissitudes became his chancellor.
ARTAUD, François, who had charge of the museum at Lyons in the beginning of the nineteenth century, was a member of the French academy, and an ardent antiquarian. He published several archæological dissertations, and a larger work on the mosaics of the district, left unfinished at his death in 1838.
ARTAUD, Jean Baptiste, a French dramatist, born at Montpellier in 1732. His works, of which the first and most successful was "La Centenaire de Molière," are now little known.
ARTAUD DE MONTOR, Alexis-François, chevalier, a popular French diplomatist, born at Paris in 1772, latterly devoted himself to literary pursuits, and has published a number of works, aesthetic and historical.
ARTAVASDES or ARTABAZES. Three kings of Armenia bore this name:—
Artavasdes I., son of Tigranes I., allied himself with the Romans when Crassus invaded Parthia. He subsequently joined the Parthians, was taken prisoner by Antony, and after the battle of Actium was put to death by Cleopatra, 35 b.c. He had been educated in Greece, and Plutarch speaks of him as the author of several dramatic and historical works.
Artavasdes II., a son or grandson of the preceding, was placed on the throne of Armenia by Augustus, 5 b.c.; but in the course of the following year his subjects expelled him.
Artavasdes III. was king of Armenia towards the close of the third century, and assisted Sapor I. of Persia in his war against Valerian.—W. B.
ARTAVASDES or ARTABASDUS, an Armenian commander in the service of the Eastern empire, who rebelled against Constantine Copronymus, and was proclaimed emperor in 742; but in the following year he was defeated, taken prisoner, and deprived of his eyesight by Constantine.
ARTAXERXES, the name of four Persian kings, derived from "arta" honoured, and the Zend "ksathra," king:—
Artaxerxes I., surnamed Longimanus, or the Long-handed, because his right hand was longer than his left, son of Xerxes I., reigned from 465 b.c. to 425 b.c., "and was," says Plutarch, "of all the Persian kings, the most distinguished for his moderation and greatness of mind." He did not succeed to his father's throne till he had slain the usurper Artabanus, who had assassinated Xerxes, and at whose instigation Artaxerxes put to death his own elder brother. The Egyptians revolted during his reign under Inarus, who, aided by the Athenians, maintained a successful resistance to the Persian generals till 456 or 455 b.c., when Inarus was defeated, treacherously made prisoner, conveyed to Persia, and slain. Another insurgent, however, named Amyrtæus, entrenching himself among the marshes of the Delta, defied all the efforts of the Persians to subdue him. Some time after these events, Megabyzus, the conqueror of Inarus, revolted in Syria; a reconciliation, however, took place between him and Artaxerxes, whose reign does not seem subsequently to have been disturbed. He received the exiled Themistocles at his court; and permitted the Jews to reestablish the observances of their religion at Jerusalem.
Artaxerxes II., surnamed Mnemon, on account of his extraordinary memory, was the eldest son of Darius II. or Darius Nothus, by Parysatis, daughter of the first Artaxerxes. Cyrus, the second son, was his mother's favourite, and when Darius was dying she attempted to prevail on him to make Cyrus his successor, on the ground that Artaxerxes, or, as he was at first called, Arsicas, had been borne to him when he was as yet in a private station, but the younger prince when he was a king. Parysatis was unsuccessful, and Cyrus, after being detected in a plot against his brother's life, was sent back to his satrapy on the coast of Asia Minor. Artaxerxes II. ascended the throne 405 b.c., and reigned till 359 b.c. Aided by Greek mercenaries, Cyrus soon revolted, marched against Babylon, and came to an engagement with his brother at Cunaxa, where Cyrus was slain, 401 b.c. (See Cyrus.) The successful retreat of the ten thousand Greek auxiliaries, almost from the Persian monarch's palace doors, revealed the essential weakness of Persia as a military power, and the Lacedæmonians in particular made strenuous efforts to liberate the Asiatic colonies from servitude. Their expeditions under Thimbron and Dercyllidas met, however, with little success, and it was not till the conduct of the war had been intrusted to Agesilaus, that the severe defeat suffered by his satrap Tissaphernes, convinced Artaxerxes that he must adopt new tactics. He now, therefore, sent into Greece the "30,000 archers," which Agesilaus, alluding to the impress upon the Persian money of the period, said drove him out of Asia. The able Spartan was recalled, and in 394 b.c. Artaxerxes, by the aid of the Athenian Conon, gained the decisive naval victory of Cnidus. In 388 b.c. ensued the peace of Antalcidas, so disgraceful to Greece, and entirely of the Persian king's modelling. Artaxerxes, however, was unsuccessful against the revolted Egyptians, while insurrections of his satraps, and a long struggle with Evagoras, prince of Cyprus, contributed to make his reign unquiet. He was obliged to put to death his son Darius for attempting to dethrone him, and the conduct of another son, Ochus (See Artaxerxes III.), additionally embittered the closing years of his reign. He died at the age of ninety-four, leaving, says Plutarch, the character of a lenient prince, who loved his people.
Artaxerxes III., the Ochus mentioned in the preceding article as son of Artaxerxes II., reigned from 359 b.c. to 338 b.c. He was a cruel and sanguinary prince, and paved his way by murder to the throne. Ariaspes his brother, Arsames, an illegitimate but favourite son of Artaxerxes II., intended by that monarch as his successor, and twenty-four other royal children, became his victims, before he considered himself secure of power. He was more successful than his father in subduing the Egyptians, owing to the assistance of Greek generals and mercenaries. In Egypt he caused the ox Apis to be slain, and served up to him at a banquet. He was poisoned by the eunuch Bagoas, to whom he had abandoned the reins of power.
Artaxerxes or Ardshir, founder of the dynasty of the Sassanidae. See Sassanidae.—A. M.
ARTAXIAS, otherwise ARTAXES, was the name of several Armenian kings:—
Artaxias I., a general under Antiochus the Great, with his sanction assumed the sovereignty of Greater Armenia, about 190 b.c.; founded the capital Artaxata on the Araxes; and after a reign of twenty years, was dethroned by Antiochus Epiphanes.
Artaxias II., the eldest son of Artavasdes I., was called to the throne when his father was taken prisoner by Antony, 34 b.c., and in a few years was assassinated by some of his kinsmen, while attempting to maintain himself against Augustus, by the assistance of the Parthians.
Artaxias III. was the title assumed by Zeno, a son of Polemo, king of Pontus, when Germanicus conferred upon him the sovereignty of Armenia, 18 b.c. Nothing is known of his reign except that he rendered himself popular among his subjects, by his thorough conformity to the national customs.—W. B.
ARTEAGA, Hortensio-Felice Paravicino, born at Madrid in 1780, was chaplain to Philip III., and celebrated as a preacher, though his printed sermons have not spread his fame; he published also a volume of poems, and left an unfinished manuscript on "Christian Constancy."
ARTEAGA, Stefano, a Spanish jesuit of the eighteenth century, who, when the order was suppressed in Spain, withdrew to Italy, and afterwards settled in France. He wrote several works on poetry, one of which, entitled "Le Revoluzioni del Teatro Musicale Italiano," is of great excellence.
ARTEAGA Y ALFARO, Matias, a Spanish painter and engraver, who died in 1704. The perspective of his paintings has been much admired, but his fame rests still more on the excellence of his engravings.
