Louis XVI., he was arrested, and brought before the Châtelet, but, after a strict examination, was acquitted. After the arrest of the king at Varennes, he retired to Brussels, and did not return to France until some time after the 18th Brumaire, 1799. He left behind him memoirs of the intrigues of the court from 1771 to 1775, but these have never been published. He left also, it is said, many valuable manuscripts relating to finance.
AUGEARD, Mathieu, a French jurist, born about the beginning of the eighteenth century, died 27th December, 1751. In 1710, 1713, and 1718, he published three volumes of a collection entitled "Arrêts notables des differents tribunaux du royaume," in 4to, forming part of the "Journal du Palais."
AUGENIO, Orazio, a physician and philosopher, born at Monte Santo Castello, in Romagna, about 1527; died at Padua in 1603. He published a great number of works on medical subjects. Many of these have been collected and republished under the title of "Opera omnia," Frankfort, 1597 and 1607.
AUGER, Athanase, Abbé, a French writer, born at Paris, 12th December, 1734; died 7th February, 1792. He, for some time, occupied the chair of rhetoric in the college of Rouen. Besides a great number of translations from the Greek, Auger published the following original works:—"Projet d'Education Publique, précéde de quelques Réflexions sur l'Assemblée Nationale," 1789, in 8vo; "De la Constitution des Romains sous les Rois et au temps de la Republique."
AUGER, Edmond, a French jesuit, 1530-1591. Apprehended at Valence, he was sentenced by the Baron des Ardrets to be hanged. He was placed upon the ladder, and such was the effect of what was intended to be his dying speech, that a Huguenot minister interfered and saved him from death. He published several works, which will be found enumerated in the Bib. Script. Soc. Jes. 1676.
AUGER, Louis Simon, a critic and litterateur, born 29th December, 1772, and died January, 1829. Auger was of very humble origin, and forms one of the not very numerous examples of men attaining to great eminence in literature, in spite of the mediocrity of their genius. Auger, in the beginning, mistook his bent, and surprised even himself in the act of attempting the vivacity of the vaudeville, and other light pieces, at the very time when he was conscious he was, if anything, a very grave critic. Discovering his mistake, he turned to criticism and journalism, taking a part in the "Décade Philosophique," "Journal de l'Empire," and "Journal Général de France." This naturally led him into quarrels, and his bitter contests with such men as Jouy and Constant were not favourable to one naturally pompous even without victory. He wrote many critical works, some of which were prized by the Institute; was censor under Louis XVIII., and perpetual secretary of the Academy. His death was extraordinary. He left one night the bosom of a happy family, and drowned himself in the Seine, without leaving a word of explanation.—A. L.
AUGEREAU, Antoine, better known by his Latinized name, Augurellus,—a famous printer, whose works date from 1531 to 1544.
AUGEREAU, Pierre François Charles, duke of Castiglione, and marshal of France, one of the remarkable characters to which the French Revolution gave prominence, was the son of a fruiterer, and born at Paris, November 11, 1757. He was from his youth a soldier; having first entered a regiment of French carbineers, and subsequently the Neapolitan army. When his countrymen were ordered to depart from Italy, he joined the forces of the Revolution intended to act against Spain; and soon rose to the rank of adjutant-general. In 1794 he began to distinguish himself by deeds of bravery and daring, taking on one occasion a foundry from the enemy, and on another rescuing a brother officer, who, with his division, was in imminent danger. He now proceeded to Italy, and in high command, became one of Napoleon Bonaparte's most conspicuous paladins. In 1796 he won the passes of Millesimo; at Dego, he was equally serviceable; and it was he, who, at the head of his own brigade, stormed the bridge of Lodi. He afterwards took Bologna, and acquired for himself a name, ever to be execrated, by the brutal crimes which he permitted his soldiers to perpetrate at Lugo. When Napoleon afterwards began to pause, amidst his very successes, at the enormous armies which the court of Vienna despatched to Italy, it was Augereau who counselled advance instead of retreat; and to him Napoleon owed the victory of Castiglione, and the still more brilliant success at the bridge of Arcole. Amidst the conflicts of faction, Augereau, having been sent by Napoleon to Paris, became military commander of the capital, and led the coup d'etat, or revolution of Fructidor, by which the enemies of the Directory were seized and overthrown. Appointed to the command of the army on the German frontier, he became so wildly democratic, that the Directory displaced him, and sent him to Perpignan. He refused to assist Napoleon in the revolution which preceded the consulate and the empire. He took no share in the campaign of Marengo; but in 1805, being made a marshal, he commanded the forces which reduced the Voralberg. He was conspicuous at Jena (October 15, 1806), and was with Napoleon at Berlin. In the winter campaign which followed he lost his health; yet he commanded the French left at Eylau (February 6, 1807), where the carnage was horrible, advancing amidst a thick snow-storm, and retrieving, by his energy, the wrong direction which his division had taken, blinded by the tempest. In 1809 and 1810, he commanded the French in Catalonia, displaying the same cruelty at Hostalrich and Gerona which he had manifested at Lugo. He did not take part in the Russian campaign of 1812, but was left at Berlin to form a corps of reserve. He was in the great "fight of the nations" at Leipsic (October 16th, 17th, and 18th, 1813), and in 1814 was at Lyons, as the head-quarters of the army destined to repel the march of the Austrians from that direction on the capital. Yielding to superior numbers, he retired to the south, and displaying little attachment to Napoleon, he acknowledged the Bourbons, retained his honours, and became a peer. During the celebrated "hundred days" of 1815, he remained in privacy; but on the return of Louis XVIII., he again assumed a public station, and as the last act of an eventful life, voted for the condemnation of his brother soldier, Marshal Ney, to an ignominious death. This deed the French have never forgiven him. He died of dropsy in June, 1816. He was essentially a soldier—brave, daring, and unscrupulous; one of the men to whom faction gives prominence, and revolution, power.—T. J.
AUGHUN, Khan, an enlightened and beneficent prince, the fourth sovereign of Persia of the family of Jenghis Khan, succeeded his uncle Nikudar in 1284, and died in 1291.
AUGIER-DUFOT, Anne-Amable, a French physician, born 1733, died 1775. He left several works, which will be found described in Eloy's Dict. Hist. de la Medicine.
* AUGIER, Emile, a French dramatic writer, born at Valence (Drôme), 17th September, 1820. His works, though at first disapproved by the Théâtre-Français, came to be of repute, and "Gabrielle," perhaps the best of them, was marked by the favour of the Academy.
AUGIER, Jean Baptiste, Baron, was born at Bourges, 27th January, 1769. The fervour of the Revolution drew him from the profession of the law, and in 1793 he distinguished himself in defending Bitche, afterwards so celebrated as a depôt for English prisoners. Honoured by Napoleon, who made him a baron, Augier repaid his master by advocating his deposition, and received the order of St. Louis at the restoration in 1814. He afterwards exerted himself to crush what he called the "common enemy," and was, in return, rewarded by being made president of the electoral college of St. Amand.—A. L.
AUGUILBERT, Theobald, an Irish physician, beginning of sixteenth century. He wrote a strange book—a treatise on gastronomy—"Mensa Philosophica," under the name of Michael Scot, Paris (without date); Frankfort, 1602.—A. L.
AUGUIS, Pierre-Jean-Baptiste, a French magistrate, born 1742, died 1810. Beginning with arms, Auguis renounced war for legislation. He was a magistrate at Melle, afterwards a deputy, and a member of the Council of Ancients, He was remarkable for his persecution of the terrorists.—A. L.
AUGUIS, Pierre René, born at Melle, 1786; died at Paris, 1846; a French litterateur. In 1814 he was imprisoned for his part, in some articles of the "Moniteur," reflecting upon Louis XVIII., and again in 1815, when he was confined for two years. After the revolution of 1830, he was appointed a deputy, and sat long on the benches of the opposition. Auguis's works are on various subjects. He translated Sterne's "Sentimental Journey," and wrote "Histoire de Catharine II. et de Paul I., son Fils," 1813; "Napoleon, la Révolution, la famille des Bourbons," 1815; "L'ombre de Robespierre; fragment épique;" "Nouvelle Odyssée," poems, 1812.
AUGURELLI or AUGURELLO, poet, philosopher, and
