under Generals Bugeaud and Baraguay d'Hilliers. He married, in 1844, a Neapolitan princess, daughter of the duke of Palermo; and was again with the army in Algeria, when the recent revolution compelled him to seek refuge with the other members of his family in England.—W. B.
AUMONT, Jean d', born 1522; died 19th August, 1595. In 1579 Henry III. nominated him a marshal of France, and in 1589 he was one of the first to acknowledge Henry IV., who made him governor of Champagne. He was at the battle of Arques, and at that of Ivry, and was afterwards governor of Bretagne, where he had to struggle with the duke of Mercœur, and the leaguers of the province. He was killed by a musket shot at the siege of Camper, four leagues from Tours,—after having served no less than six kings—Francis I., Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henry III., and Henry IV.
AUNARIUS, Saint, bishop of Auxerre, died in 605. In 581 he convoked a synod of the priests of his diocese, and drew up forty-five canons for the regulation of the Christians of his day. In these, all persons are forbidden "to disguise themselves on the 1st of January as stags or cattle, or to pay devil's dues, or to assemble in private houses on the eve of festivals, or to pay vows to trees or fountains, or to make figures of feet, or of men, in linen. Laymen are also forbidden to dance in the church, or to have singing girls there, or to hold feasts there."
AUNGERVYLE, Richard, commonly known by the name of Richard de Bury, was born at Bury, in Suffolk, 1281. His father, a knight, died while Richard was yet a child, so that his education devolved upon his uncle, a priest. He distinguished himself at Oxford, and afterwards became a monk of Durham. He was called from his solitude to educate Prince Edward, afterwards Edward III., who, on his accession to the throne, loaded him with preferments, and eventually made him bishop of Durham, to which see he was consecrated in 1333. In 1334 he was made high chancellor, and in 1336 treasurer of England. Aungervyle was one of the most learned men of the day, and is said to have had more books than all the bishops of England together. When he could not purchase books, he had them copied, and kept persons for this purpose in his palace. He left his books to the university of Oxford, placing them in a hall on the site of the present Trinity college, and drew up rules for their management in his "Philobiblon." At the dissolution of the religious houses, they were moved to various collections. His correspondence with Petrarch, also evidences his literary attainments. He died in 1345, and was buried in Durham cathedral. His Philobiblon was published at Spires in 1483, afterwards by Dr. James in 1599.—J. B., O.
AUPICK, a French general, born in 1789; died in 1857. He was captain in 1815, and was severely wounded at the battle of Ligny. He afterwards served in Spain in 1823, and in Algeria in 1830. In 1847 he commanded the Polytechnic school from the month of November, and after the Revolution of February, 1848, he was sent as ambassador to Constantinople, which office he retained till 1851, when the French government transferred his services to London. In a few months he was replaced by Count Walewski, whom he succeeded at the court of Madrid. In concert with M. Perrot, General Aupick published "A Historical and Statistical Atlas of France," Paris, 1823.
AURBACH or AURPACH, Johannes d', a German juristical writer, who lived in the fifteenth century, and was vicar of Bamberg. His works are—"Summa Magistri Johannis de Aurbach Vicarii Bambergensis," printed at Augsburg in 1469; "Directorium Curatorum, Domini doctoris Aurbach," 4to, without date or printer's name. These are manuals drawn up from the writings of the canonists. Both volumes, which are interesting specimens of early typography, are contained in the library of the British museum. Some other works of a similar character bear the name Aurbach in their titles. It is doubtful whether there was but one Johann Aurbach, or more. Adelung argues for the former alternative.—A. M.
AURBACHER, Ludwig, born in 1784 in Bavaria, died in 1847, relinquished the clerical profession for that of pedagogy, and was for some time one of the masters in the military school at Munich. He is author of "Pädagogische Phantasien" (Pedagogic Fancies), Munich, 1838; and of the better known "Adventures of Seven Suabians," which Karl Simrock turned into verse under the title of "The Suabian Iliad."—A. M.
AURELIAN, Emperor, (L. Domitius Valerius Aurelianus,) was born about a.d. 212, near Sirmium in Pannonia. His father was a peasant cultivating the estate of Aurelius, a Roman senator, and his mother held an inferior office in a temple of the sun in the neighbourhood. Nature had endowed him with great bodily strength and activity, and he exhibited from early youth that excessive delight in military exercises which was his great characteristic throughout life. He soon entered the ranks of the Roman army, and is said to have killed nearly a thousand men with his own hand in the course of a single campaign against the Sarmatians. He quickly rose to eminence in his profession, and when military tribune—an officer of whom each legion had six—defeated the Franks, who had crossed the Rhine near Mentz, and now for the first time appear in history. The date of this event is uncertain. In 257 he obtained a signal victory over the Goths in Illyricum, for which he was raised to the dignity of consul, and styled by Valerian the liberator of Illyria and restorer of Gaul. He had by this time gained in the army the reputation of a severe and rigid disciplinarian. We hear nothing of Aurelian under the reign of Gallienus, which lasted from 260 to 267; but he distinguished himself highly in the great campaign of Claudius II. against the Goths in 269, and was appointed commander-in-chief of the cavalry of the empire. On the death of Claudius, in August next year, Aurelian was hailed as his successor by the legions of Illyricum. He found himself opposed to Quintillus, the brother of Claudius, who assumed the purple at Aquileia in Italy. Quintillus, however, occasioned him but short anxiety, for, being deserted by his troops, he submitted to a voluntary death after a reign of seventeen days.
Aurelian repaired to Rome, but was soon recalled into Pannonia by an invasion of the Goths. The evil was averted for a time by the retreat of the barbarians after an obstinate engagement; but meantime four confederated German tribes—the Alemanni, the Jugonthi, the Marcomanni, and the Vandals—advanced from the north and threatened Italy. The emperor, eager to crash these barbarian hordes, cut off their retreat, and the Germans in despair pushed on for Rome. Aurelian was defeated at Placentia, and the anxiety of the Roman populace produced some seditions, which were punished, after the return of peace, with extreme severity. He checked the invaders, however, at Fano, on the Metaurus, and at length drove them out of Italy.
The indolence and worthlessness of Gallienus had occasioned and justified two formidable usurpations in the two extremities of the empire. Odenathus, the Saracen king of Tadmor or Palmyra, had extended his power over Syria and Mesopotamia. He paid allegiance to Gallienus, and received from him the title and dignity of Augustus, in reward for his victories over Sapor, king of Persia. But this privilege was not accorded to his widow Zenobia, who inherited her husband's territories, and augmented them by the acquisition of Cappadocia and Egypt. Aurelian, in 272, marched against her, was victorious in two pitched battles at Immœ and Emessa, in Syria, and laid siege to Palmyra. The city was not reduced till next year, but Zenobia was first taken captive. Palmyra was plundered and abandoned to ruin, the inhabitants having revolted again as soon as the emperor's back was turned.
Gaul, Spain, and Britain had been separated from the body of the empire by Cassianus Postumus about a.d. 260. These countries now acknowledged the sway of C. Pesuvius Tetricus, who, having reigned with little disturbance for six years, fell before Aurelian in 273, voluntarily placing himself in the hands of his rival at the battle of Chalons on the Marne. Tetricus and Zenobia graced the triumph of the conqueror. The next warlike expedition undertaken by Aurelian was directed against Vararanes, king of Persia. But the ferocity of his military discipline, and the harshness of his character, raised against him a numerous conspiracy among his officers, and he was assassinated at Cænophrurium in Thrace, where he waited for fair weather to cross into Asia, in March, 275, in the fifth year of his reign.
The Christian church enjoyed comparative peace under the sway of this emperor. In the beginning of his reign he was appealed to by the catholic party in the East to eject Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, who had been deposed by a council, but refused to resign the possessions of the church. Aurelian referred the question to the bishops of Italy (Euseb., H. E. VII. 30), and upon receiving their decision against Paul,
