Lincoln, 27th April, 1750; died at Leamington Spa, 1st July, 1818. he studied for the profession of the law, and commenced practising at the bar in 1780; but having, two years afterwards, married a rich heiress, he quitted his forensic pursuits, and gave himself up to the charitable employment of devising and executing schemes for ameliorating the condition of the poor and suffering classes of society. He first turned his attention to the state of the Foundling hospital in London, in which he effected many valuable improvements. In 1792 a society for the relief of the poor was constituted on a plan which he had sketched. He was among the first to direct public attention to the condition of children employed in chimney-sweeping and in cotton-spinning. He took also an active interest in promoting the spread of vaccination. In 1799 he entered warmly into the views of Thomson, a patriotic Englishman, who had conceived the design of establishing in his own country a corporation of learned men similar to the Institute of France; and two years afterwards, mainly through their joint labours, the Royal Institution of Albemarle Street, in London, was founded. He afterwards formed two other establishments—the British Gallery for the exhibition of pictures by the old masters of Great Britain, and the Alfred Club for the advancement of literature. Between 1793 and 1817, he published a variety of works, mostly on subjects relating to the welfare of the industrial classes, and the relief of the indigent.—G. M.
BERNARD, ___, a German theologian and chronicler of the last half of the seventeenth century. He published at Augsburg in 1653, "Exegesis rerum Augustanarum quae suo tempore ab 1646 in urbe Augustana contigerunt."
* BERNARD, Claude, a distinguished French physiologist, and member of the Institute, born on the 12th July, 1813, at St Julien, near Villefranche, in the department of the Rhone. He studied medicine at Paris, and took the degree of doctor in 1843. He became a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1855, and, the year following, was made professor of physiology in the college of France. His discoveries of late years have given a new and important direction to physiological investigations. Besides other works, he has published "Leçons de Physiologie expérimentale appliqué à la Medécine."—J. D.
BERNARDES, Diego, born at Ponte-de-Barca, in 1540. His very harmonious versification, and the purity of his language, have caused him to be deservedly styled the "Guarrini of Lusitania," and he has left many idyls highly esteemed. His collection entitled "Flores de Lyma," and his "Rimas devotas," rank him with the best poets of Portugal. He died in 1596.—A. C. M.
BERNARDI, Angelo, a musician, was born at St. Agata, near Bologna, in the middle of the seventeenth century. He was a pupil of Marco Seacchi, whom he held in great esteem. In 1681 he was maestro di capella of the cathedral of Spoleto, having previously filled the same office at the cathedral church of St. Angelo de Viterbo. In 1687 he was canon of this latter establishment, and in 1693 he was maestro di capella at the church of Santa Maria Trastevere at Rome. His writings on music contain nothing original, but they were important to the art, as presenting the first systematic arrangement of the principles of double counterpoint, which had been for some time in practice, and as defining the rules of the tonal fugue, in which the answer is a modification of the subject, opposed to the real fugue, where the subject and answer are identical, which alone had been treated of before his time; these consist of—"Ragionamenti musicali;" "Documenti musicali;" "Miscellanea musicale;" "Arcani musicali," twice printed; and "Il Perche musicale." He also had some credit as a composer, having produced motets, psalms, offertories, and a mass, the majority of which appeared prior to his first tract.—G. A. M.
BERNARDI, Arnald, a French theologian, born at Cahors; died in 1334. He belonged to the order of Dominicans. His principal works are—"Postilla super Apocalypsin," and "Lecturæ et Sermones super VII Psalmos poenitentiales."
BERNARDI, Augustus Ferdinand, a German linguist, born at Berlin in 1769; died in 1820. He was pupil of Wolf and Zieck, and author of works on languages, the organization of schools, &c.
BERNARDI, Francis, a historical painter of Brescia.
BERNARDI, John, a faithful follower of the exiled James II., was born at Evesham in 1657. He was descended from an old Italian family, his grandfather having come to England as resident from Genoa, and his father having held the same office till displeased with the senate of Genoa, he resigned all connection with it, and retired to Evesham. When only thirteen years of age, the subject of our notice ran away from his father's house, and having been for a time supported by the kindness of some friends, he soon enlisted as a private soldier in one of the English companies employed by the prince of Orange. He was distinguished in the States for his soldierly qualities, speedily rose in his profession, and married a Dutch lady of good family and fortune. When the English regiments were recalled by James II. from the service of the States, Bernardi was one of the few officers who obeyed the summons. He thus secured the favour of James, but, of course, forfeited that of the prince of Orange, and when that monarch landed in England, Bernardi had to seek his safety in following the abdicated king. He served King James till his cause became hopeless, and then sought retirement in Holland. Having ventured to visit London, he was, in 1696, taken into custody on suspicion of being party to a plot for assassinating William. Though nothing was established against him, he was sent to Newgate prison, where, for forty dreary years, he was confined, his sentence having been prolonged by acts of six successive parliaments under four successive sovereigns. When in prison he married a second time, and became the father of ten children, who were left in destitution at his death in 1736.—J. B.
BERNARDI, Philippe, professor of rhetoric at the lyceum of Poitiers, and of French literature to the faculty of letters in the same town; born at Monieux in 1759; the date of his death is unknown. He devoted his life to public instruction. Among his works may be mentioned "Critical Observations on the Plan of National Education of Mirabeau the Elder;" "Observations on Fenelon, as a moralist and man of letters;" a translation of the Elegies of Tibullus, falsely attributed to Mirabeau; an edition of the Morale Universelle of the Baron Holbach.—J. G.
BERNARDI, Steffano, a musician, was born towards the close of the sixteenth century, probably at Verona, where he was a professor in the philharmonic academy. In 1611, the date of his first publication, he was maestro di capella in the cathedral of that city; and in 1634, the date of his latest work, he was a canon in the metropolitan church of Salzburg. He was a very voluminous composer of ecclesiastical music, and madrigals for three, four, five, six, seven, and eight voices; and he wrote a brief elementary tract on music, "Porta Musicale," which is praised for its clearness. The preface promises a second part of this treatise, which, however, never appeared, though the first was reprinted, and Burney mistakes the second edition for a continuation.—G. A. M.
BERNARDIN de Pequigny, a French theologian of the Capuchin order of monks, was born in Picardy in 1633; died in 1709. He wrote "Triplex Expos, in Epistolas D. Pauli."
BERNARDIN De Saint Pierre. See Saint Pierre. Bernardin De.
BERNARDIN of Sienna, Saint, an Italian theologian and preacher, canonized by Nicolas V. in 1450, was born at Massa-Carrara in 1380, and died at Aquila in Abrazzo in 1444. His noble lineage and his extraordinary eloquence brought within his reach several rich bishoprics; but, having taken the habit of St. Francis, he would accept no higher dignity than that of vicar-general of his order. His influence in his native country was such, that, in the disputes of the Guelphs and Ghibelines, no one was more frequently appealed to as mediator than Bernardin of Sienna. Before and after his return from the Holy Land, whither he was twice sent by his superiors, his preaching attracted great crowds, whom he roused to fanaticism by an eloquence which was the more popular that it was not perfectly Ciceronian. His works were printed at Venice in 1591 by the care of Rodulfi, bishop of Sinigaglia.—J. S., G.
BERNARDINI, Marcello, sometimes called Macello di Capua, a musician, was born at Capua about 1752. He wrote nineteen operas and a large number of intermezzos, the majority of which had a great though ephemeral success. His merit was entirely in the buffo style, a class of writing little understood out of Italy, and his only serious opera, "Pizarro," was a decided failure. In 1793 he produced an opera in Vienna, and in 1801 another in Paris, but neither of these met with the favour his works received in his own country.—G. A. M.
BERNARDO DA CRUZ, Frey, a Portuguese historian, lived in the sixteenth century. He accompanied Don Sebastian in his second expedition, and was present at the battle of Alcaçar-
