gestis heroicis Caroli-Emmanuelis de Sabuadia." He died at Milan in 1668.—A. C. M.
CASTIL, Blaze. See Blaze.
* CASTILHO, Antonio Feliciano de, one of the latest and most distinguished poets of Portugal, born at Lisbon in 1800; one of four brothers, all of whom attained to some eminence. At six years of age he lost the sight of one eye by measles, and hence is often spoken of, by a pleonasm, as the "blind poet." At the age of ten his predilection for sculpture attracted the notice of the Portuguese artist, Machado de Castro, who was anxious that his genius should be cultivated, and retained in the service of his own country. At sixteen years of age, however, the young artist-poet was sent to Coimbra to study law, a profession for which he never evinced any inclination. His first literary essay, "Cartas de Echo a Narcissus" (Letters from Echo to Narcissus), led to a romantic correspondence, at first carried on clandestinely, with a lady. Dona Maria Nabel de Baena, to whom he was at length married, and who died two years afterwards. After this Castilho resided constantly with his brother, Augusto Federigo, a clergyman settled at Aveira. Under King John VI. he held a government post. On the accession of Don Miguel, both the brothers were obliged to flee from Portugal, but returned when Don Pedro came into power, and have since resided at Lisbon. In 1836 he wrote "Noite de Castello" (Night at the Castle), a tale in verse. The plot of this piece is the same as that of Monk Lewis' once celebrated ballad of Alonzo and Imogene, though Castilho states he had never seen the ballad until four years after his own work was written. Another of his works is entitled "Amor y melancolia, o a novissima Heloisa" (Love and Melancholy, or the Newest Heloise). His "Dia de Primavera" (A Day in Spring), reminds the English reader of Thomson. Other works are a historical essay on Camoens, and a treatise on Portuguese versification. His greatest production, however, is his "Quadros historicos de Portugal," a series of descriptions of paintings, intended to illustrate the history of Portugal, published in Lisbon, 1838. This work is the joint production of Antonio and his brother above named. The "Excavaçoes Poeticas" (Poetical Foragings), were published in 1844. Besides these works, Castilho has published some translations from Ovid, a Portuguese version of the "Paroles d'un croyant" of La Mennais, and various smaller tales in the Jornal da Sociedade. His poems are distinguished by a rich appreciation of natural beauty, and a nobility both of sentiment and diction, which deserve to be more widely appreciated—F. M. W.
CASTILLA, Francisco de, a descendant by an illegitimate branch of Pedro the Cruel, lived in the time of Charles V., and was for some time attached to the court, but withdrew from it, and devoted himself to literature. His "Theorica de las Virtudes" (Saragossa, 1552) is a bibliographical curiosity, being licensed by the inquisition, though dedicated to the emperor. His other works are—"A Treatise on Friendship;" a "Satire on Human Life," an allegory; "Virtue and Happiness;" and the lives of the good kings of Spain, from Alaric the Goth to Charles V. His style is the old Castilian—pithy and ornate, but often encumbered with learning.—F. M. W.
* CASTILLA, Ramon, president of the republic of Peru, was born there in 1793. At an early age he manifested a fondness for the military profession, and entered the Spanish cavalry. But in 1821, when General St. Martin proclaimed the independence of Peru, Castilla quitted the service of the mother country, and fought with great courage and enthusiasm in the ranks of the patriots. On the successful termination of the war he was appointed a colonel; in 1834 he was elevated to the rank of general of brigade, and in 1845 was elected president of the republic. He discharged the duties of his difficult situation till 1851 with great prudence, and then voluntarily resigned the reins of government. In January, 1855, amidst general enthusiasm on the part of the Peruvians, he again placed himself at the head of affairs.—J. T.
CASTILLEJO, Christobal de, a Spanish poet, born probably in 1494 at Ciudad Rodrigo. From the age of fifteen he was attached to the court of Ferdinand I., the younger brother of Charles V., and afterwards emperor of Germany. A great part of his life was spent at Vienna, and a young German lady named Schomburg, figures largely in his poems as Doña Ana de Xomburg,—the harsh German sounds not being readily admissible in Castilian verse. Disgusted with court intrigues, Castillejo returned to Spain, and died in the convent of Val de Iglesias, near Toledo, in 1596. If the date of his birth as given above be correct, he must have attained the patriarchal age of one hundred and two. Castillejo was by some early critics placed in the foremost rank of poets, but their judgment has not been sustained by posterity. His most striking characteristic is the vigour with which he maintained the old Spanish style of poetry against the muovalemo of the "Petrarquistas," Boscan, Garcillaso, and others of his time, who were labouring to introduce the spirit and metre of Italian poetry. His comedies are little known, and several of his works, having been condemned by the inquisition, are lost; but a selection was published in 1573. Some of his love verses and canciones or lyric pieces are exquisitely graceful and tender. Satire was his forte, however—his "Dialogue on Woman," and "Transformations of a Drunkard into a Mosquito," abounding in the highest qualities of satirical writing. His moral works are generally speaking the dullest of all, but the "Loves and Griefs of a penitent soul" may still be read with pleasure. Castillejo's works may be found in the Colleccion of Fernandez, vols. xii. and xiii.: Madrid, 1792; and a more modern edition in Aribau's Biblioteca.—F. M. W.
CASTILLO, Bernard-diaz del, a Spanish officer and historian, born 1519. He accompanied Cortes in his expedition against Mexico, and distinguished himself greatly by his courage and conduct. Indignant at finding that Gomara in his Chronicle had made no mention of his name, and had ascribed all the glory of the conquest to Cortes, Castillo resolved to write his own history of the campaign, which was published in Madrid, in 1 vol., folio, under the title of "Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de Nueva España." The author died in Mexico about 1560.—J. T.
CASTILLO, Fernando del, a Spanish author, of whom little or nothing is known save that he was the compiler of the first "Cancioneros Generales," or collection of popular poems, published at Valencia in 1511.
CASTLEREAGH. See Londonderry.
CASTOLDI. See Gastoldi.
CASTOR, Antonius, a Greek physician and botanist, lived at Rome at the beginning of the christian era, and died about the year 80. Pliny states that he possessed a botanic garden which contained many interesting plants. He is said to have written a herbal.—J. H. B.
CASTOR of Rhodes, a Greek grammarian, surnamed Philoromæus, lived, it is supposed, about b.c. 150. A portion of his "Art of Rhetoric" is still extant.
CASTREN, Matthias Alexander, remarkable for his devotion to philological research, was born in 1813 in the province of Uleoborg in Finland. At the university of Helsingfors he became an enthusiastic student of the language and literature of his native Finland. In 1838 with three companions he set out on a tour as far as the Lake Enaré, with the object of investigating the antiquities and mythology of Lapland. His second expedition, which he undertook at the expense of the literary society of Finland, was a more successful one. He travelled into Russian Carelia, and collected ballads and legends illustrative of the ancient Finnish mythology, in 1841 he published a Swedish translation of the great Finnish poem, Kalevala, which had been discovered by Lönnrot. The translation brought the poem into general notice. It is said that Longfellow's Hiawatha is, to a great extent, modelled on the Kalevala. Castren's next journey was a most arduous one. He went by the Lake Enaré and Kola, the capital of Russian Lapland, as far as the country of the Samoyeds on the banks of the White Sea. In the hut of one of the savages he passed nearly a whole summer, learning the Samoyed language. About the end of his four years' journey he crossed the Tundras, between the White Sea and the Ural. He returned to Helsingfors in 1849 with a ruined constitution. In 1851 he was appointed by the Duke Alexander of Russia professor of the Finnish and old Scandinavian languages at Helsingfors; but he did not long survive his accession to this honourable office. He died May 7, 1852. Besides the translation referred to, and many interesting letters written during his travels, he published a number of philological works of great interest and value to students of the Ugrian family of languages. His lectures on Finnish mythology were published in 1853, and in the same year, at Leipzig, a German version of his travels by Helms.—J. B.
CASTRIOT. See Scanderbeg.
CASTRO, Christopher Baca de, a Spaniard, sent to Peru
