figure and his careless dress, there was nothing to court the smiles of his hearers. He was famous as an extemporist, and perhaps there has been no one who ever so completely reduced the art of improvisation to a system as he did; in fact his carefully cultivated power of concentrating and arranging his thoughts, enabled him to produce such effects as could only be surpassed by men so electrically inspired as Mendelsshon, Beethoven, or Mozart. His compositions for his instrument form a lasting record of his characteristics as a player, and their study is deemed indispensable in the education of a pianist. He wrote seven concertos—in C, in G, in A minor, in B minor, in E, in A flat, and in F—admirable as compositions, and eminently effective for the pianoforte. The bravura element conspicuous in these classes them rather with the concertos of Dussek than those of Beethoven or Mozart, and the same remark applies to his solo sonatas. He is indeed not a little indebted to Dessek for many of his pianoforte effects; but though he owes him something in his form and in his passages, and though his music is never so genially spontaneous as that of this master, it is generally written with much more musicianly skill. His septet in D minor stands in importance at the head of a long list of concerted music for the pianoforte, much of which is frequently played; and his "Method" is regarded as the completest elementary work for his instrument ever written. His four operas, his cantatas, and his ballets are forgotten. His three masses, however—in B flat, in E flat, and in D—are not of a nature to pass quickly out of use or esteem , and wherever they are known they will command the respect of all musicians.—G. A. M.
HUMPHREY, Lawrence, an English theologian, born in 1519 at Newport-Pagnel, studied at Cambridge and Oxford. He took orders about 1552 and became Greek reader at his college. In 1555 he went to Zurich, and associated himself with the protestant refugees, of whom indeed he called himself one.—(See Zurich Letters, No. 356.) After the accession of Elizabeth he returned to England, and was appointed regius professor of divinity at Oxford, and president of Magdalen. During his residence at Zurich and elsewhere in Switzerland, Humphrey contracted an enduring friendship with some of the principal followers of Calvin, and adopted many of their opinions on ecclesiastical matters. To his friendship with them we owe a number of valuable letters, and to his adoption of their views we owe his great dislike of ecclesiastical vestments and observances. Heylin, Wood, and others, call him a nonconformist; but we learn from Grindal that the actual seceders called him a semi-papist, because he continued his conformity in essentials, and would not join them. In 1570 he was appointed dean of Gloucester in the place of Thomas Cowper, who was preferred to the see of Lincoln. In 1580 he became dean of Winchester, and died February 1, 1589. Humphrey's works manifest his piety, talents, and learning. His Life of Jewell, in Latin, gives some valuable details respecting himself. Even his opponents bear testimony to his extraordinary abilities and attainments, and the integrity and holiness of his life.—B. H. C.
HUMPHREYS, James, an English lawyer of the conveyancing branch, who had the merit of rousing by his work, "Observations on the Law of Real Property, and outline of a code," 1826, the public and the profession to successful effort in the difficult and much needed work of reform in the law of real property. This book was the mature result of wide experience; for the author, who was born in 1768 (it is said in Wales), had commenced practice at an early age, after a pupilage with Mr. C. Butler, and had been one of the editors of the Supplement to Viner's Abridgment, writing the Real Property articles, such as Devise, &c. Nor was Humphreys' zeal for reform new-born, for he had been a liberal in politics, and the friend of Fox, Romilly, and Horne Tooke, when such professions and friendships retarded professional advancement. Written in a popular style and at the right time, the book attracted general attention and (abating the reprehensions of Professor Park and other "Anti-Humphreysians") approbation, but this appears to be the only reward the author ever received. In 1827 a second edition was called for; it was dedicated to Mr. Butler, and the obnoxious term code was displaced for "systematic reform." His views, more or less modified, were adopted by subsequent writers and commissioners, and have since with some great exceptions, such as the enfranchisement of copyholds, become law. Humphreys died in November, 1830.—S. H. G.
HUMPHREYS, Pelham, an English musician, was educated in Charles II.'s chapel, under Captain Henry Cook, and admitted one of the gentlemen of that choir in 1666. He had been sent by the king to Paris, to receive further instructions in music from Lulli, the favourite composer of Louis XIV., in whose court the taste as well as the morals of Charles had been formed. On the return of Humphreys he distinguished himself so much as a writer of anthems, that it is said his early master, Cook, died from jealousy and grief. This, however, is probably a fiction; but the pupil certainly succeeded his preceptor in the office of master of the children in 1672. He enjoyed the appointment only about two years, dying in 1674, in the twenty-seventh year of his age. His church compositions are numerous, the brief term of his life being considered. Dr. Boyee's cathedral music contains seven full and verse anthems; and there are five preserved in score in the Aldrich collection in Christ church, Oxford, besides six in Dr. Tudway's collection in the British museum, which have never been published. He also composed many of the songs in the Theatre of Music, the Treasury of Music, and other collections of his time. A song of his, "I pass all my hours in an old shady grove," the words said to have been written by his royal patron, is printed in one of the books of Playford's Choice Ayres, and continued a favourite till the middle of the last century, particularly with those whose attachment to the house of Stuart remained unshaken. "As French music," Dr. Burney observes, "was much better known in England during the reign of Charles II. than Italian, there are in the melody of this composer, and in that of Purcell, passages which frequently remind us of Lulli, whom King Charles pointed out to his musicians as a model." This, however, has been sufficiently accounted for as regards Humphreys. The historian adds, "Indeed, he seems to have been the first of our ecclesiastical composers who had the least idea of musical pathos in the expression of words implying supplication or complaint." His compositions are certainly graceful for the period in which they were produced, and Purcell appears to have diligently studied them; but there is a sameness in all that came from his pen, which may account for the little use now made of his works in our various choirs.—E. F. R.
HUNAULD, François Joseph, born at Chateaubriant in 1701, was the son, grandson, nephew, and cousin of physicians. Embracing the same profession, he applied himself to the study of anatomy at Paris under Winslow and Duverney; and in 1730 he succeeded Duverney as professor of anatomy in the Jardin des Plantes. He soon became almost as eminent as his predecessor, and was particularly distinguished in osteology. Among the papers which he communicated to the Academy of Sciences, one of the best is his "Anatomical Researches on the Bones of the Human Skull." In 1735 he visited London, when he was elected a member of the Royal Society. He died of a malignant fever in 1742.—G. BL.
HUNIADES, Johannes Corvinus, was born about the year 1400. Of his early life the accounts are obscure and mythical, but his influence was so great about 1440 that he led the party who brought in Ladislaus, or Uladislaus, as king of Hungary, during the minority of Ladislaus, son of Albert. For this and other services he was appointed vaivode, or governor of Transylvania. In the contests with Amurath, the Turkish sultan, who was then endeavouring to push the Saracenic conquests further west, Huniades gained immense reputation. By one exploit he surprised the Turkish camp, and by a second took the greatest of their generals prisoner. He took part in the battle of Warna, where Ladislaus was killed with ten thousand christians, including Cardinal Julian Cæsarini. Four years later Huniades penetrated Bulgaria, and sustained for three days the assault of Ottoman forces in overwhelming numbers, but again he escaped. On the death of Ladislaus, Huniades was made captain-general of the army and regent of Hungary, in which dignity he continued till 1453. He was defeated at Warna and Kossova, already referred to; but his greatest act was his successful resistance at the siege of Belgrade, when Mohamed III. with one hundred and fifty thousand encamped before it. With a motley and undisciplined army, whose courage was fired by the bravery of their leader, the exhortations of the priests, and the desperation which came over them, Huniades repulsed the Turks. He died about a month after this unequalled victory, in September, 1456.—One of his sons, Matthias, was elected king of Hungary in 1457 on the death of Ladislaus V., and during a long and prosperous reign, "aspired to the glory of a
