conqueror and a saint;" he was also a great patron of learning, and collected an immense mass of MSS.—B. H. C.
HUNNERIC, the son of Genseric the Vandal conqueror of Africa, succeeded to his father's throne at Carthage in 477. During a reign of seven years he committed atrocities worthy of his descent, but at the same time exhibited a weakness that brought him into contempt. His embassies to Spain and to Constantinople seemed to indicate a desire to consolidate his power by peaceable means. But unless his Arianism has prejudiced the historians, we must believe that fear of conspiracies, combined with avarice, urged him to shed more blood on pretexts religions and political than had flowed from the Vandal armies in all his father's conquests. He died, hated and despised, in 484.—R. H.
HUNNIS, William, poet and musician, was gentleman of the chapel royal in the reign of King Edward VI., and master of the boys of the chapel royal under Queen Elizabeth. The Kenilworth entertainment to Queen Elizabeth owed something to his pen, and he was the composer of interludes which Mr. Collier supposes were played by the boys of the chapel under his superintendence. He contributed to the Paradise of Dainty Devices, and one of his poems in that collection has been highly praised by modern critics. His works are chiefly metrical renderings of portions of the Bible and Prayer-book, and are distinguished by simplicity of diction. Among them are "Certain of the Psalms of David into English Metre," 1550; "A Hive full of Honey," 1578; "Seven Sobs of a Sorrowful Soul for Sin," 1583; a metrical version of the seven penitential psalms, which seems to have been very popular; "Recreations," 1595, &c. According to Thomas Campbell (in the Specimens) he died in 1568.—F. E.
HUNNIUS, Ægidius (Giles), a strict Lutheran theologian of the sixteenth century, was born at Winnenden, 21st December, 1550, and was educated at Tübingen, where he studied under J. Andrea, Heerbrand, Schnepf, and the younger Brenz, from whom he imbibed a zealous attachment to the doctrines of the Formula Concordiæ, which became the passion and determined the scope and end of his whole after-life. In 1574 he was made deacon at Tübingen, and in 1576 he was recommended by Heerbrand for a chair of theology at Marburg, to Dukes William and Lewis of Hesse, the two sons of the celebrated Landgrave Philip. Here he laboured during sixteen years, for the single purpose of putting an end to the union of Lutheran and reformed elements, which had hitherto prevailed in the protestant church of Hesse, and of reconstituting the church upon the exclusively Lutheran foundation of the Formula Concordiæ, and with such success, that it was chiefly owing to his influence that in the following century the union was finally dissolved. In 1592 he was called to a chair in Wittemberg by Duke Frederick William of Saxony, who was a zealous ultra-Lutheran, and was resolved to root out all crypto-Calvinistic or Melancthonean doctrines from his dominions, and who sought in Hunnius a suitable instrument for his purpose. It was he who drew up the Articuli Visitatorii—or the doctrines of the Lord's supper, the person of Christ, baptism, and predestination, which were used as a test of the orthodoxy of the Saxon pastors on this occasion, and which continued in use as a formula in the church of Saxony down to the present century. He was employed in the same work in other parts of Germany, particularly in Silesia, by Duke Frederick of Leignitz. In 1594 he accompanied Duke Frederick William of Saxony to the diet of Regensburg, where he zealously and too successfully opposed the endeavours which the elector of the Palatinate was then engaged in to bring about a close union of the protestant states. He was indefatigable with his pen in the same unhappy service. In 1593 appeared his "Calvinus Judaizans," in 1594 his "Anti-Paræus," and in 1599 his "Anti-Paræus alter;" the two latter directed against David Paræus of Heidelberg, the most eminent reformed divine of the age. But his principal work was a treatise, "De Persona Christi," published in 1585, in which he developed and defended the Wurtemberg doctrine of the ubiquity of Christ's human nature. He died at Wittemberg, 4th April, 1603.—P. L.
HUNNIUS, Nikolaus, son of the above, was born at Marburg, 11th July, 1585, and was no less distinguished than his father for Lutheran orthodoxy and zeal. He finished his studies at Wittemberg, where he began to deliver lectures both on philosophy and theology as early as 1609. His uncommon abilities recommended him to Elector John George I. of Saxony, who made him in 1612 superintendent of Eilenburg, and in 1617 appointed him successor to the celebrated Wittemberg professor, Leonard Hutter. In 1622 the magistrates of Lubeck obtained the consent of the elector to his removal to that city, on condition that he should be allowed to return to Saxony when his services were called for there; and in the following year he became superintendent of all the churches of Lubeck, in which influential office he continued till his death in 1643. His writings were numerous and highly esteemed. The papists, the Socinians, the enthusiasts (Paracelsus and others), and the Calvinists, all shared alike in the effects of his Lutheran zeal and learning. John Dury the pacificator found in him a determined and successful opponent to his irenical principles and designs. But Hunnius was also a pacificator in his own one-sided fashion. In one of his writings published in 1632—his "Consultatio"—he proposed to make an end of controversies by erecting a collegium irenicum—a kind of standing theological senate or areopagus for the decision of controversies—which was canvassed for some time by the learned world under the name of the Collegium Hunnianeum. Some of his didactic writings were of great use, and long kept their place and influence in the churches and schools of the north of Germany, particularly his "Epitome Credendorum," 1625, and his "Explanation of Luther's Catechism," 1627. It was thought that if a child learned and prayed his Hunnius, he was proof against all the evil spirits under heaven.—P. L.
HUNT, Frederick Knight, a journalist and historian of journalism, was born in the April of 1814. He was the eldest of six children, and his connection with the press was a hereditary one; his father, who died when he was sixteen, holding a situation in the printing-office of the Morning Herald. Left at this early age with his mother and her other children to support, Mr. Hunt had a hard struggle before him. By night he was a compositor; by day clerk to a barrister. Fortunately for him, perhaps, his master had not much business, and the leisure of his office-hours was devoted to reading. The studious and clever clerk was helped by the barrister to his first literary engagement, one with a morning newspaper, short-lived, but which gave him some experience of journalism. He studied medicine, and at Middlesex hospital had the late Albert Smith for a fellow-student. He started literary projects, and one of them, the Medical Times, was a success; this enabled him to pay his fees and pass as a surgeon. The misconduct of a relative forced him to part with the Medical Times, and he accepted the situation of a union-surgeon in Norfolk. After a year, however, he returned to London, and combined the practice of medicine with literature. He became sub-editor of the Illustrated London News and editor of the Pictorial Times, and when the Daily News was started in 1846, Mr. Dickens made Mr. Hunt his and its sub-editor. In 1851 he became its editor-in-chief, and conducted it with ability and energy until his death in the November of 1855. Mr. Hunt published in 1850 the "Fourth Estate; contributions towards a history of newspapers and the liberty of the press"—a work marked by research and good taste. He was also, we believe, the editor of the original issue of the "Men of the Time."—F. E.
HUNT, James Henry Leigh, a celebrated poet, essayist, and critic, was descended from a family which had emigrated from Devonshire to the West Indies in the time of James I. Leigh Hunt's grandfather and great-grandfather were both in the church; the former was rector of St. Michael's, Bridge Town, Barbadoes. The son of this clergyman married a lady of Philadelphia, United States, and went to the bar. But his zealous opinions in favour of the British crown at the time of the American revolution threatening to involve him in dangerous consequences, he escaped to England, and finally settled at Southgate in Middlesex, where his distinguished son Leigh was born on the 19th October, 1784. He received his education at Christ's hospital. He tells us that at school he was "an ultra-sympathizing and timid boy;" and during his stay there he was exposed to many petty annoyances, which would have left their trace on a less amiable nature. But he always spoke of the Alma Mater in after years with affection and reverence; nor did he omit to bear his testimony to its value as a medium for the promotion of social sympathies and as a link between class and class. No more graphic account of his school-day reminiscences can be desired, perhaps, than that which is afforded in the "Autobiography," in many respects an admirable book, but a book in which the most partial critic cannot fail to
