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IARCHI, Solomon Ben. See Jarchi.
IBARRA, Joachim, a Spanish printer, was born at Saragossa in 1725. Establishing himself at Madrid, he soon obtained celebrity for the accuracy and beauty of his work, specimens of which have still a substantive value for the antiquary and the bibliophilist. He never travelled, but his own ingenuity enabled him to originate several important improvements in the typographical art. Amongst his chief productions were two editions of Don Quixote; one of Mariana's History of Spain; a very beautiful edition of the Bible; and a Mosarabic Missal. He died at Madrid in 1785.—W. J. P.
IBAS, Bishop of Edessa in the fifth century, first appears as a presbyter at Edessa, whence he was expelled by Rabulas for his opinions. Hereupon Ibas addressed a letter to Maris, which was widely circulated and contributed to the spread of the Nestorian doctrine. He translated into Syriac the works of Theodore of Mopsuestia; he also wrote other epistles, and hymns, disputations, and an exposition of Proverbs. When bishop Edessa, Ibas was alternately acquitted and condemned by several synods. He died at Edessa before 489.—B. H. C.
IBBETSON, Agnes, wife of a barrister, born in London in 1757; died at Exmouth in 1823. Her maiden name was Thompson. She was well acquainted with astronomy, geology, and botany, and published in the Annals of Philosophy the result of some ingenious investigations respecting the structure of plants.
IBBETSON, Julius Cesar, a landscape painter, born at Scarborough in Yorkshire. The pictures from which he derived his fame were rural scenes, with cattle and figures, painted in the manner of the Dutch artist Berghem, from which circumstance he has been styled the Berghem of England. He died in 1817.—J. B—r.
IBBOT, Benjamin, an English divine, born at Beachamwell, near Swaffham in Norfolk, in 1680; became B.A. of Clare hall, Cambridge, in 1699; and afterwards entered at Oxford. Having attracted Archbishop Tenison's notice, he was made his librarian and chaplain, treasurer of the diocese of Wells, and rector of a living in London. In 1716 he was appointed chaplain to the king, and D.D. by royal command. He had already delivered the Boyle Lectures in 1713-14, which were published. He was associated in some literary matters with Dr. Samuel Clarke, to whom he became assistant-preacher. He translated Puffendorf's work upon the influence of christianity on society, and wrote a few poems. In 1724 he was made prebend of Westminster, and died in April, 1725. Dr. S. Clarke wrote his life, and edited a selection from his sermons.—B. H. C.
IBEK. See Aibek.
IBEK, Cuttub-ud-Deen, was originally the slave of Shahab-ud-Deen, whom he succeeded as king of Delhi in 1206. He reigned four, or, as some say, fourteen years. He extended and consolidated his government, and erected some of the monuments which still adorn Delhi.—B. H. C.
IBN ABU OSAIBAH. See Abu Osaibah.
IBN ALATYR, Ezz-ed-din Ali, born at Djezire, on the borders of the Tigris, in 1160, was the son of an emir in the service of the prince of Mosul. He served for a number of years with the Mosul contingent in the army of Saladin, and died in 1233. His "History of the Atabeks," and his "Complete Chronicle," are works of singular merit.
IBN DOREID. See Doreid.
IBN HAUKAL. See Haukal.
IBN KHALDUN. See 'Abdu-R-Rahman.
IBN-KHALICAN, a very distinguished Arabic writer, born at Arbela in 1211, studied at Mosul, afterwards wont to Damascus, which he left to travel and resume his studies in Egypt, where he was appointed mufti. He became kadi of Damascus, subsequently deputy-kadi of Cairo, and later still resumed his position at Damascus, where he died in 1282. As an author he has been greatly celebrated by European and Oriental writers. In view of his great work, the "Biographical Dictionary," Sir W. Jones says, he feels disposed to give him the first place among biographical writers. The greater part of this work has been translated into English by M. de Slane, London, 4to, 1834, &c.—B. H. C.
IBN ROSCHID. See Averrhöes.
IBN SINA. See Avicenna.
IBN YOUNIS. See Ali Ibn Younis.
IBRAHIM, Sultan of the Ottoman empire, born in 1615, was the son of Ahmed Khan, and the successor of his brother, Murad or Amurath IV., in 1640. Amurath had put his brothers to death, with the exception of Ibrahim, who was shut up in prison, and only left it to ascend the throne. He was characterized by the effeminacy and luxury of his race, and yielded to the greatest excesses. Soon after he became sultan, peace was concluded with Austria; but an expedition was despatched to the sea of Azof to besiege the city of Azof, which the Cossacks had taken some time before. In 1642 there was an insurrection, but it was suppressed. In 1645 an attack was made upon the island of Candia, which eventually fell into the hands of the Turks. To revenge himself upon the Venetians, Ibrahim ordered the massacre of all his christian subjects, but the order was not executed. His capricious, cruel, and ruinous course wearied his subjects; and his janizaries first deposed and then strangled him in 1648.—B. H. C.
IBRAHIM al Meruzi, a famous mussulman doctor, was a native of Khorasan. He wrote in Arabic, and his most celebrated work is a commentary upon the Mozni, an abridgment of mussulman law. He resided for the most part at Bagdad, where he was regarded as an oracle; but towards the end of his life he removed to Cairo, where he died in a.h. 340 (a.d. 951). Ibrahim received his name from that of his native place, Meru.—B. H. C.
IBRAHIM al Shirazi, or Abraham of Shiraz in Persia, was an eminent mussulman jurisconsult. He lived a life of retirement, and devoted himself to the exercises of his religion and the study of laws. He wrote a number of works in Arabic, of which the principal appears to be one entitled "Almohadhab" (the Good Man). He also wrote an exhortation to the study of jurisprudence; and an exposition of the principles of law. A work on the search after truth is also ascribed to him.—B. H. C.
IBRAHIM ben Ibrahim Meherani, an eminent mussulman, born in Khorasan in the eighth century of the christian era. He belonged to the sect of Shafei, of which he was a great doctor, and in which he was a principal authority. His chief work is a book of controversy, in which he defends the mussulman law against the impious and ungodly, whom the Arabs call Melahedin, by which the Druses, Ansairiyeh, &c., appear to be meant. Ibrahim died in 829.—B. H. C.
IBRAHIM-BEY, a chief of the Mamelukes, was born in Circassia about the year 1735, and was brought in his infancy to Egypt as a slave. When enrolled in the ranks of the Mamelukes, he soon rose to high command; and in his forty-second year was appointed to the government of Cairo, which he subsequently shared with Mourad Bey. In the early days of the French expedition to Egypt, Ibrahim pursued a vacillating and somewhat timid policy; and when at length he moved to action, he was vanquished by Kleber. The struggle being over, and the
