Espartero in July, 1843, once more took a prominent part in politics, and in February, 1846, became president of the council of ministers. With a short interval he held office till December of that year, his ministry being signalized by the marriage of the queen and her sister. In June, 1849, he was sent as ambassador to England, and remained until 1854. In 1856 he was despatched in a similar capacity to St. Petersburg. In January, 1858, he became president of the senate, but his ministry lasted only a few months; and in October of the same year he was nominated a second time ambassador in London.—F. M. W.
ITURBIDE, Augustin de, for a brief period known as Augustin I., Emperor of Mexico, was born in 1784 at Valladolid in Mexico. His father, a Biscayan nobleman, had emigrated to Mexico, and married there a wealthy creole lady. Iturbide seems to have received a good education, and to have inherited a tolerable patrimony in land. In 1810 he was a lieutenant in the provincial regiment of his native city, a volunteer force, so that he did not begin his career as a soldier by profession. In the Mexican civil war of that period he sided with the representatives of Spanish supremacy, and distinguishing himself as a soldier, rose to command a force styled "the army of the north." In 1816 he resigned his command, and withdrew into retirement to cultivate his estates. He emerged into public life with the Mexican revolution of 1820, and we find him the following year as "first chief of the imperial army of the three guarantees," signing with the commander-in-chief of the Spanish army the so-called "treaty of Cordova." This treaty was based upon "the plan of Iguala"—a creation of Iturbide's—and by which, while Mexico was to become virtually independent, its nominal subjection to the Spanish crown was to be preserved. The treaty of Cordova was repudiated by the Spanish cortes; and after a period of confusion, Iturbide was proclaimed emperor by the people at Mexico on the 18th of May, 1822. He quarreled with the Mexican congress, which had acknowledged him, and dismissed it by a coup d'état. The military chiefs of both parties—that of Mexican independence, and of Spanish royalism—combined against him, and he was obliged to abdicate. Repairing to Europe, he resided for a short period in Italy, whence he proceeded to England. He sailed from England in the May of 1824, and, landing on the Mexican coast, was seized and shot by the authorities at Padilla on the 19th of July, 1824. "A Statement of some of the principal events in the public life of Augustin de Iturbide," written by himself, was published in an English translation at London in 1824.—F. E.
IVAN or IWAN, a name common to six rulers of Russia, of whom we notice:—
Ivan III., surnamed Basilowitz, Grand-prince of all the Russias from 1462 to 1505. To him Russia owes the abolition of appanages, the conquest of Novogorod, and the re-establishment of his independence from the Tartars. In 1471 he sent a deputation to Rome to negotiate his marriage with the last of the family of Palæologus, under the pretence that he wished to be reconciled to the catholic church. In presence of Sixtus IV. the nuptials were celebrated in the church of St. Peter, and this marriage commenced the foreign politics of Russia. The scarcely finished Kremlin received ambassadors from the emperor, the pope, and the sultan, the kings of Poland and Denmark, and the republic of Venice. Ivan concluded treaties with those sovereigns, and Russia under his reign made a certain amount of progress.
Ivan IV., Groznoi, or the Terrible, grandson of Ivan III., was born in 1529, and died in 1584. His reign is characterized as the longest and most tyrannical that has been inflicted on Russia. Only four years of age at the death of his father, and eight at that of his mother, he was for ten years under the charge of courtiers, who appear to have developed the evil tendencies of an originally cruel nature. Crowned czar in 1547, his first and most brilliant action was the conquest of Kazan, followed by that of Astracan, which compelled the Tartars to retire to the Crimea. In 1561 he suppressed the order of Teutonic knights: the grandmaster, Ketler, ceding his rights on Livonia to the prince of Lithuania. In consequence of that act of Ketler, Livonia was not acquired by Russia till 1721. Ivan has the reputation of being an able legislator. He reformed the laws of his country; and in 1550 collected them into a code called Soudebnik. The latter part of his reign, however, was disgraced by a series of butcheries to which even the history of Russia affords no parallel.—P. E. D.
IVES, Simon, was a lay-vicar in the cathedral of St. Paul, London, till driven from thence by the Revolution, when he became a singing master. In conjunction with Henry Lawes, he composed the music for a grand masque performed, by order of the four inns of court, before King Charles I. and his queen at Whitehall on Candlemas night, 1633. Many rounds and catches of this composer are to be found in Hilton's Catch that Catch Can, 1652, and in Playford's Musical Companion, 1672; and also a variety of songs, &c., in the vocal miscellanies of the period. He died in the parish of Christ Church, London, in 1662.—E. F. R.
IVETEAUX. See Vauquelin.
IVORY, James, a British mathematician, was born at Dundee in 1765, and was the son of a watchmaker. He received his elementary education in his native town. In 1779 he entered the university of St. Andrews, where he studied in the faculty of arts for four years, and in that of theology for two, with a view to taking orders in the Church of Scotland. He then continued the study of theology in the university of Edinburgh for one year, at the end of which, in 1786, he was appointed a teacher in the Dundee academy. In 1789 he became one of the partners in a flax-mill. On the dissolution of the partnership in 1804, the high reputation of Ivory as a man of science and as a teacher led to his appointment as professor of mathematics at the royal military college at Marlow in Buckinghamshire, afterwards removed to Sandhurst in Berkshire. In 1819 he was compelled by the weak state of his health to retire from that office; and although his regular period of service was not completed, he received a retiring allowance, in consideration of the excellent manner in which he had discharged his duties. From that time forth he devoted himself entirely to the advancement of mathematical science. His merits having been brought by Lord Brougham under the notice of King William IV., that sovereign in 1831 made him a knight of the Hanoverian order, and granted him a pension of £300. He died in London on the 21st of September, 1842. Ivory became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1815, and in 1839 received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the university of St. Andrews. He was an honorary member of various scientific bodies, and a corresponding member of the French Institute. The Royal Society awarded him in 1815 the Copley medal, for his researches on the attraction of spheroids, and in 1826 and 1829, royal medals for those on astronomical refraction. The chief title of Ivory to distinction is the fact, that he was amongst the first to introduce into Britain those methods of mathematical analysis, which, from the time of Leibnitz and the Bernoullis, had been gradually developed by continental mathematicians. His works consist mainly of papers on mathematical and astronomical subjects in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for 1796, and in the Philosophical Transactions from 1809 to 1838, and of several articles in the Encyclopædia Britannica.—W. J. M. R.
IWAN. See Ivan.
IXTLILXOCHITL, Fernando de Alva, a Mexican historian, descended from Cuitlahuac, last king but one of Mexico, born in 1568; died in 1648. His early years were spent in poverty, but by the aid of the archbishop, Garcia Guerra, he was restored to a small portion of his patrimonial estates. His writings are the groundwork of the history of Mexico, so far as known to us, but are so wanting in accuracy as to have hitherto defied anything like a chronological arrangement. The most important are—"A History of the Chiefs of Chechimeca, and a History of Chechimeca;" a "Continuation of the History of Mexico;" "An Account of the Arrival of the Spaniards in Tezcuco;" and some minor works. They are nearly all contained in the ninth volume of Lord Kingsborough's Antiquities of Mexico.—F. M. W.
