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JAACOB, a learned Jewish rabbi, flourished in the early part of the sixteenth century. His studies during his residence in Jerusalem, resulted in a learned work, entitled the "Eye of Israel," which is a collection of the various expositions of the law contained in the Talmud. Begun in 1517, this laborious compilation was only completed by Levi, the son of Jaacob, in 1538, after the father's death. The publication led Levi into a life-long controversy with the professors of the school of Sapheta or Sephet.—R. H.
JAAPHAR or JAFFIR, Ebn Thophail, the son of a hind, flourished in the twelfth century, during the enlightened domination of the Arabs in Spain. He was a native of Seville, and is said to have been the preceptor of Maimonides and Averrhoes. Of his various writings, one, the "Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan," has had the fortune to be widely read, having been translated into several languages. Rabbi Moses of Narbonne translated the work into Hebrew in the sixteenth century, and published it with illustrative comments. Mr. Pococke, in 1671, published an edition in Arabic and Latin; and in 1708 Mr. Ockley published an English translation. The quakers, who imagined that there was something in the story that favoured their peculiar notions, also published a translation. The design of the author is to show how human capacity, unassisted by any external help, may by due application attain to the knowledge of natural things; and even discover by degrees its dependence on a superior being, the immortality of the soul, and all things necessary to salvation. A child exposed in the woods, and fostered by a hind, grows up to man's estate without any intercourse with human beings, and attains to the writer's ideas of perfection. The work is a valuable illustration of Arabic teaching in its palmy days.—R. H.
JABLONOWSKY, Joseph Alexander von, a Russian prince, palatine of Novogorod, was born in 1711, and in 1755 was named vayvode of Novogorod. In 1762 he went to Rome, and dedicated one of his works to Pope Clement XIII. The political troubles of Poland led to his removal to Saxony. He was the founder of the society which bears his name, and died at Leipsic in 1777. He was an earnest promoter of scientific and historical pursuits, and wrote several works, among which may be mentioned his "Museum Polonicum," and his "Empire of the Sarmatians," &c.—B. H. C.
JABLONOWSKY, Stanislaus, a famous Polish general, born in 1631, died in 1702. Commencing his career under the command of Czarniecki, he speedily rose to the highest military and civil dignities. Castellan of Cracovia, he commanded the right wing of Sobieski's army at the siege of Vienna in 1683, and served throughout the Moldavian campaign of 1685. For his services against the Turks and Tartars, when the illness of Sobieski left him in command of the Polish army, the Emperor Leopold created him a prince of the Roman empire.—J. S., G.
JABLONSKI, Daniel Ernst, a well-known German theologian, born near Dantzic in 1660. His father was a Bohemian who had been compelled by religious persecution to retire to Dantzic. Daniel studied first under his father, and then at Lissa in Poland, whence he removed in 1677 to the university of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he applied himself to philosophy, theology, and the eastern languages. In 1680-83 he travelled into Holland and England, remaining for some time at Oxford. In 1683 he became pastor at Magdeburg, and in 1686 rector of the school at Lissa. In 1690 he removed to Königsberg, as chaplain to the court, and in 1693 to a similar post at Berlin. In 1706 the university of Oxford made him doctor of divinity. Jablonski translated into Latin Richard Bentley's Boyle lecture against atheism, and works by Josiah Woodward and Bishop Burnet, In 1699 he published his Biblia Hebraica, with a preface, which has been inserted in other editions. Under his superintendence the Talmud was printed at Berlin, 1715-21. He also wrote "Historia consensus Sendomiriensis;" "Desideria oppressorum in Polonia evangelicorum," &c. Jablonski took an active part in ecclesiastical affairs, and is especially remembered for his efforts to promote a union between the Reformed Lutheran and other protestant churches, including those of England. He was encouraged in these efforts by Frederick I., king of Prussia. He died at Berlin in 1741.—B. H. C.
JABLONSKI, Johann Theodor, elder brother of Daniel Ernst, was born about 1654, and died at Berlin in 1731. Although he paid especial attention to the law, he cultivated other departments of study. He compiled a German-French and French-German Dictionary, a Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, and a few other works.—B. H. C.
JABLONSKI, Paul Ernst, the son of Daniel Ernst, was born in 1693, and produced his first work, an academical dissertation, "De Lingua Lycaonica," in 1714. Having learned from the celebrated La Croze the Coptic language, he was allowed to travel at the expense of government in Germany, Holland, England, and France, and made a valuable collection of Coptic and other books. The remaining years of his life were spent by him as a preacher, professor, and author. His works are very numerous; those on christian, biblical, and Egyptian antiquities are still consulted. He died in 1757.—B. H. C.
JACK, Gilbert, a learned metaphysician and professor of philosophy, was born at Aberdeen, probably about the year 1578. He received the rudiments of his education under Thomas Cargill, a celebrated grammarian and master of the grammar-school in Aberdeen, and then became a student in Marischal college. By the advice of Robert Harvie, the principal. Jack proceeded to the continent and prosecuted his studies, first at the college of Helmstädt, and then at Herborn, where he took his degree. Attracted by the high reputation of the university which had been recently founded at Leyden, he removed thither; and having obtained employment as a private lecturer, he became so eminent for his ability and learning, that in 1604 he was appointed professor of philosophy—a position which not a few of his learned countrymen held at this period in continental colleges. He at the same time continued diligently to prosecute his own studies particularly in medicine, and took his degree in that science in 1611. Jack was the first who taught metaphysics at Leyden and his lectures soon gained him great celebrity. In 1614 he published his "Institutiones Physicæ," a considerable portion of which is occupied with metaphysical discussions in which he displays great acuteness. His next work entitled "Primæ Philosophiæ Institutiones," was prepared at the suggestion of his friend Grotius, and was published in 1616. In 1624 appeared his "Institutiones Medicæ," which was received with great approbation. About this period Jack was offered the professorship of history at Cambridge, but declined the office. He died shortly after, 11th April, 1628, before he had completed his fiftieth year, leaving a widow and ten children to lament his loss. His funeral oration, which was pronounced by Vorstius, makes mention of his remarkably elegant manners and affable deportment, as well as of his profound and varied learning. He possessed a stupendous memory, and was as witty as he was learned and acute. Bayle speaks of him as one of the most subtle peripatetics of his age; and Grotius, Cunæus, Heinsius, Vossius, and other eminent scholars, affectionately cherished his memory.—J. T.
JACK, Thomas, a learned Scotchman, who flourished in the
