sixteenth century, was successively master of the grammar school of Glasgow, minister of Eastwood and of Rutherglen, and died in 1596. His "Onomasticon Poeticum," a topographical dictionary in Latin verse of the localities of classical poetry, was published in 1592, and is now very scarce. He was the friend of George Buchanan and Andrew Melville, the former of whom revised his work.—J. T.
JACKMAN, James, a dramatic writer, was born in Dublin about the middle of the eighteenth century, where for some years he practised as an attorney. Thence he went to London and attached himself to literature, and had for a time the management of the Morning Post. His first farce, "All the World's a Stage," was produced at Drury Lane in 1777, and was very successful. It is still on the acting list. The same year appeared "The Milesian," and four other pieces. He returned to Dublin where he became editor of a journal. The dates of his birth and death are not recorded.—J. F. W.
JACKSON, Andrew, General, twice president of the United States, was born at Waxhaw in South Carolina on the 15th of March, 1767. His father, of a family originally Scotch, was of presbyterian north of Ireland extraction, and had migrated with his wife and children to America. He had not cleared his small location when he died, leaving his widow to struggle on as she best could. The future president of the States was a posthumous child, born in the poor South Carolina log-hut a few days after his father's death. Under these circumstances his education was of the scantiest, and to the very last indeed his culture remained of the most superficial kind. Early, however, he received a military education in the school of practical warfare. While quite a boy he fought as a volunteer on the American side, when the tide of war rolled over South Carolina. This was not the training for a youth who had naturally little that was elevated in his character; and at fifteen Jackson, reckless and dissolute, was on the high road to ruin. He suddenly checked himself, so far at least as to commence the study of law, and in time settled down as a lawyer at Nashville, the capital of what is now the state of Tennessee. He rose to be district attorney, and from the first many of his fees were paid in the shape of land, plentiful and comparatively worthless then, but which, as population and cultivation expanded, grew to be very valuable. By 1796 Tennessee had become instead of a terrritory a state, and Jackson, bold, energetic, and popular, was sent to congress on democratic principles, towards the close of Washington's final presidency. After two sessions he was appointed a judge of the supreme court of Tennessee; and tradition still speaks of his rough and ready decisions, more notable for shrewdness than for their eloquence of expression. In the military career, in which he was afterwards to be distinguished, he met with at first considerable obstruction. It was by a single vote that he was elected a major-general in the Tennessee militia; and on the breaking out of the war with England in 1812, it was with difficulty that the central government could be persuaded to avail itself of his services; indeed it was only on raising a considerable volunteer force that he received a command. In 1813-14 he distinguished himself in a war with the Creek Indians, and the following year he received the appointment of major-general in the United States army. It was at the close of the year that he gained his highest military fame at the capture of Pensacola (7th November), and by his spirited defence of New Orleans. On the 23rd of December, 1814, the British General Keane, with one thousand six hundred men, was within two hours' march from New Orleans. Jackson was the life and soul of the defence, and of the repulse which the British sustained at the so-called battle of New Orleans on the 5th of January, 1815. Recent researches have disproved the mythus of the "cotton bags" as the agency by which New Orleans was protected. It was a system of earthworks, skilfully improvised by Jackson, that held the British in check until the repulse of the 8th of January. His success against the British gained him unbounded popularity, to such an extent even as to neutralize the protests naturally educed by his conduct in the war of 1818 against the Seminole Indians, when his treatment of Indians, Englishmen, and Spanish authorities was of the most violent and lawless kind. But he had become an American hero; his politics too were ultra-democratic, and all attempts in congress to procure a censure of his conduct were unsuccessful. He had acted as United States commissioner in the negotiations with Spain for the transfer of Florida, had been its governor, and again represented Tennessee in the senate of the United States, when in 1824 he became a candidate for the presidency. His majority was not as large as the constitution required, and the house of representatives on whom in that case the choice of president devolved, elected one of his competitors, Mr. Adams. In 1828, however, Jackson was elected president, and at the expiry of his term was re-elected in 1832. In his long tenure of this high office, he displayed on a conspicuous stage the qualities which had marked him from childhood: he was resolute, firm, unscrupulous; always ready to blend personal feeling with political sentiment. He was almost the first president who, on his accession to office, made something very like a clean sweep of the American civil service, displacing through the length and breadth of the republic the federal officials who were in the interests of his political antagonists, and replacing them by adherents of his own party, the democratic. Of his domestic policy, his war against the renewal of the charter of the United States bank used to be considered the chief item; but it must yield now in importance to his intrepid mode of dealing with the nullification movement of 1832-33. Nullification may be considered the parent of the recent secession movement, but Jackson crushed it by his promptitude and energy. Displeased with the protective tariff of the States, South Carolina asserted her right to "nullify" or render of no effect any law for the payment of obnoxious duties, and arming and organizing herself as she did, secession was clearly a possibility. Jackson fulminated a proclamation against the movement; reinforced the forts in the "nullifying" districts; ordered vessels of war to Charleston; announced his intention of repelling force by force, and of arresting and trying for treason on the first act of rebellion all nullifying members of congress—Mr. Calhoun, their leader, among the rest. The nullifiers were cowed, their movement collapsed, and a compromise bill was passed by congress. General Jackson withdrew into private life at the close of his second presidency, and died on the 8th of June, 1845, at his seat, the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tennessee. The elaborate life of him by Mr. Parton, New York, 1860-61, is a singularly instructive, interesting, and lively contribution to the biography and secret history of American politics.—F. E.
JACKSON, Arthur, a Puritan divine, was born in 1593 at Little Waldingfield in Suffolk, and educated in Trinity college, Cambridge, where, after taking his degree of A.M., he continued to reside till 1619. Having married, he became first lecturer, and then rector of St. Michael's, Wood Street, London, where he abounded in labours for the good of his flock—refusing to quit them when the plague broke out in 1624—and being content to spend among them £2000 of his own property, a sacrifice rendered necessary by the smallness of the living. He refused to read the Book of Sports to his congregation; but when some persons complained of him to the archbishop for the omission. Laud replied—"Mr. Jackson is a quiet peaceable man, and therefore I will not have him meddled with." From St. Michael's he removed to St. Faith's, under St. Paul's; and while minister there in the time of Cromwell, was confined to the Fleet for seventeen weeks for refusing to give evidence against Mr. Love, in addition to a fine of £500. At the Restoration, when Charles II. passed through the city on his way to Whitehall, he was chosen by the London clergy to present his majesty with a Bible, which he did in a short congratulatory speech; to which Charles replied with characteristic politeness and insincerity, that "he must attribute his restoration, under God, to the prayers and endeavours of the ministers of London;" upon which Dr. Calamy drily remarks—"If so, he made them a sad return afterwards." Jackson was one of the numerous London puritans who had experience two years after of the royal gratitude. In 1662 he was ejected from his parish, and retired to live with his son at Edmonton, where he occupied his time in the preparation of "Annotations on the Bible," three volumes of which were published in his lifetime, and a fourth by his son, bringing down the work as far as Jeremiah. He died August 5, 1666, at the age of seventy-three. Though a consistent sufferer in the cause of puritanism, he enjoyed the esteem of all parties, so that a stranger once hinted to him his danger of our Saviour's "woe," because "all men spake well of him."—P. L.
JACKSON, Cyril, a learned divine, sub-preceptor to the prince of Wales, was born in 1742 at Stamford in Lincolnshire, where his father practised as a physician. He was educated at Westminster school, and went first to Trinity college, Cambridge, and afterwards to Christ Church, Oxford, where he took his
