of Glasgow in 1760, and after passing with distinction through the classes of arts and philosophy, he commenced the study of theology, and at the close of his curriculum was licensed as a preacher by the presbytery of Linlithgow. His views, however, were directed rather to the professor's chair than to the pulpit. In 1771 he proceeded to the continent with two sons of Baron Mure of Caldwell, and spent two years with them in Paris, where he became acquainted with Helvetius, D'Alembert, and other eminent French philosophers and men of letters. In 1774 he was elected professor of logic in the university of Glasgow, and introduced great improvements into the mode of conducting the business of that important class, which he taught for fifty years with unexampled success. He was an impartial, affectionate, yet firm instructor. His power of training and stimulating the minds of his pupils was very remarkable, and few teachers have been at once so much revered and beloved. On his retirement from office in 1824, he received a most gratifying proof of the esteem in which he was held by his old pupils. He survived his retirement only about three years, and died in 1827 in his eighty-fifth year. Dr. Chalmers pronounced a glowing eulogium upon him as one of the brightest ornaments of the professorial society in Scotland. His only published work is entitled "Outlines of Philosophical Education."—J. T.
JARDINE, James, an eminent Scottish civil engineer, was born at Applegarth in Dumfriesshire on the 13th of November, 1776, and died in Edinburgh on the 20th of June, 1858. He was educated at the parish school of Applegarth, and at the Dumfries academy. Having there shown great ability as a mathematician, he went, by the advice of the mathematical master, Thomas White, to Edinburgh, with an introduction to Professor Playfair, who warmly befriended him and obtained for him employment as a teacher of mathematics. Amongst the pupils whom he instructed were Viscount Palmerston and Earl Russell. In the year 1809, having been employed to take a series of levels in the firth of Tay with reference to a question of the legality of stake-nets for taking salmon, he was the first to determine, by observations of the tides over a great extent of coast, the mean level of the sea, and to show the symmetry of the undisturbed tidal wave above and below that level, and the effect of a river-current in disturbing that symmetry—discoveries of high importance, both scientific and practical. Amongst other inquiries of a scientific nature in which he was at different times engaged, was the determination of the proportions borne by the old Scottish weights and measures to the imperial standards. This he commenced in 1811 by finding the length of the Scottish ell in imperial inches; and after the passing of the act in 1824 for establishing the imperial standard weights and measures, he formed one of a commission who extended similar inquiries to all the old weights and measures in use in Scotland. Jardine's part of this work was performed with extreme precision. Before 1809 Jardine had begun, by the advice of Playfair, to practise the profession of a civil engineer, to which he soon afterwards devoted himself entirely. In that capacity, besides great scientific knowledge, he evinced the most accurate and complete acquaintance with every detail of materials and workmanship; so that although none of his works are of that colossal magnitude which fixes the public attention, they are all models of skilful design and solid construction. His masonry in particular is worthy of the study of every engineer. His greatest and best-known work was that for supplying Edinburgh with water from the Crawley springs, commenced in 1819 and finished in 1824, which still furnishes a large portion of the water-supply of Edinburgh. He was the engineer of one of the earliest public lines of railway, that between Edinburgh and Dalkeith; it was of small extent, and worked by horse-power. The works were admirably adapted to their original purpose, although the introduction of steam-power has caused some of them to be altered or superseded. He was consulted upon the subject of the foundations of many important public buildings, and amongst others, those of the piers which support the instruments in the royal observatory of Edinburgh, and which have proved remarkable for steadiness. In 1821 he appears to have been consulted on the subject of Telford's then proposed suspension bridge over the Menai Strait; for there is a MS. report of his extant, in which he approves of the project, and discusses some of its details. Although somewhat eccentric and cynical in manner, he secured the warm regard of his intimate friends, amongst whom were many men of the highest eminence in science.—W. J. M. R.
* JARDINE, Sir William, Baronet, a distinguished Scottish naturalist, was born in Hanover Street, Edinburgh, on 23rd February, 1800. He was educated at home until he attained his fifteenth year, when he was sent to a school in York. In 1817 he entered the university of Edinburgh, and was placed under the charge of the Rev. Dr. Grant, minister of St. Andrew's church. He prosecuted literary and medical studies at the university. At one time he intended to take a degree in medicine. His attendance was of such extent and duration as to entitle him to become a member of the university council. His attention was early devoted to natural history, and he followed the prelections of Professor Jameson on natural history for four sessions. During that period he joined most of the geological excursions made by the professor. He studied botany under Mr. James R. Scott, a private lecturer; and comparative anatomy under the celebrated John Barclay; and was assisted in his anatomical studies by Allan and Lizars, surgeons in Edinburgh. He married in 1820, and went to the continent for the purpose of prosecuting anatomy and natural history. The death of his father in 1821 caused his return to Scotland, to enter upon the duties of a landed proprietor in Dumfriesshire. He continued, however, to prosecute his natural history studies, and has published a great many valuable works, especially on ornithology. His collection of birds is now the largest in Great Britain, and is kept in his mansion of Jardine Hall, near Lockerby, where it can be always consulted by any naturalist who is prosecuting ornithology. While a student at Edinburgh he became a member of the Royal Medical Society. He also entered the Wernerian Society, and read papers on various natural history subjects. He is a fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, as well as of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. He is a justice of peace, and vice-lieutenant for the county of Dumfries. He is also one of the editors of the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. Among his published works are the following—"Illustrations of Ornithology;" "History of British Salmonidæ;" "Ichnology of Annandale;" and "Memoir of H. E. Strickland;" besides numerous memoirs, chiefly on birds and fishes, contributed to the Naturalists' Library, the London Geological Journal, the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and the Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. An edit ion of Wilson's North American Ornithology has also been edited by him.—J. H. B.
JARDYN, Karel de: This distinguished Dutch landscape, animal, and genre painter, was born at Amsterdam about 1630, and was the pupil of Nicolas Berghem, of whom he was the most able scholar. De Jardyn lived many years in Italy, where at Rome he was known by the nickname of Bokkebaart (Goat-beard) among the Flemish painters. He died at Venice in 1678. There are many good etchings by the hand of De Jardyn or Du Jardin, as his name is sometimes written.—R. N. W.
JAROSLAF, seventh sovereign of Russia, born about the end of the tenth century, and died in 1054. He was fourth son of St. Vladimir, and was engaged in frequent wars with his brothers; but was a liberal patron of learning, founded schools, built churches, improved the towns, and was the first to introduce a written code of laws among his barbarous subjects. He also made great efforts to introduce christianity. Of his daughters, Elizabeth became queen of Norway; Anastasia, queen of Hungary; and Anne, the ancestress of St. Louis of France. Voltaire characterized him as the "unknown duke of an unknown Russia;" but in his day and generation he was surpassed by few monarchs.—P. E. D.
JARRIGE, Pierre, born in 1605, joined the jesuits, and became a preacher at Rochelle, where he turned protestant, which compelled his retreat to Holland. In 1650, although sentence of death had been passed upon him by the jesuits, he returned to popery, and died at Tulle in 1660. He wrote a book against the jesuits and a retractation.—B. H. C.
JARS, François de Rochechouart, Chevalier de, a French courtier, whose death took place on the 10th April, 1670. Admitted to the intimacy of Anne of Austria, he incurred the hostility of Cardinal Richelieu, who exiled him to England in 1630. Recalled in 1631, he again took part in the intrigues of the court, and in 1632 Richelieu caused his arrest, and sent him to the Bastile where he spent thirteen months. He was accused of wishing that the queen dowager should be sent to England; and although there is no proof of disloyalty, he was examined eighty times, defended himself always with firmness, never inculpating himself, and never sacrificing his friends.
