appeared in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, and in the Mémoires des Savans étrangers.—W. J. M. R.
JEBB, John, son of Dr. John Jebb, dean of Cashel, born in London in 1736, was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. Having taken orders, he obtained in 1764 the rectory of Ovington in Norfolk. For several years he delivered theological lectures at Cambridge, but promulgating Socinian opinions, he was prohibited in 1770. In 1775 he commenced the study of medicine, took his degree at St. Andrews, and became a licentiate in London. He died in 1786. In politics, to which he paid some attention, his opinions were of the most liberal kind. He was well skilled in medicine, in the classics, Hebrew, Arabic, and Saxon. In conjunction with two friends, he published "Excerpta quædam e Newtonii Principiis Philosophiæ Naturalis, cum notis variorum." His works were published by Dr. Disney in 1787, 3 vols. 8vo.
JEBB, John, D.D., bishop of Limerick, was the eldest son of John Jebb, the grandson of Samuel, and was born September 27, 1775, at Drogheda, of which city his father was an alderman. He was sent to the endowed school at Londonderry, where he made great proficiency, and formed a friendship with Alexander Knox. In 1791 he entered Trinity college, Dublin, where he was supported by his brother Richard, afterwards one of the justices of the king's bench in Ireland. His course was a distinguished one, and for a time he read for a fellowship; but abandoning that design, he applied himself to theology, and received holy orders in February, 1799. His first ministrations were in the diocese of Kilmore, from which he passed into that of Cashel; and in 1809 he was appointed to the rectory of Abingdon in the diocese of Limerick. During many years he devoted himself to the preparation of his great work on sacred literature, which appeared in 1819. It established his reputation as a theologian and a scholar, and received high praise in various quarters Shortly after he was presented to the archdeaconry of Emly. On the visit of George IV. to Ireland, Jebb's works were presented to him, and in 1823 the author was elevated to the see of Limerick. In this high office he was ever the faithful guardian of the interests of the Irish church during the attacks made on it; and one of his speeches in the house of lords was pronounced by Mr. Wilberforce to be "one of the ablest ever delivered in parliament." Jebb continued his literary studies with unabated zeal notwithstanding successive strokes of paralysis which disabled his body, publishing various works, and meditating others almost to the time of his death, which occurred on the 7th December, 1833. As a divine he has been compared to Fenelon in spirituality, and to Massillon in energy.—J. F. W.
JEBB, Sir Richard, Baronet, physician, born in 1729, at Stratford in Essex. He studied medicine in London, and at Leyden, where he took his degree. Settling in practice in London, he was for some time physician both to St. George's hospital and the Westminster infirmary. He became so eminent that he was sent for to attend the duke of Gloucester when dangerously ill in Italy. In 1777, after paying a second visit to the duke, he was appointed physician extraordinary to the king; in 1780, physician in ordinary to the prince of Wales; and in 1786, physician in ordinary to his majesty. Died in 1787.
JEBB, Samuel, M.D., editor of several learned works, was a native of Nottingham, and was uncle of Dr. John Jebb, son of the dean of Cashel. He became a member of Peterhouse, Cambridge; and after being some time librarian to the celebrated nonjuror, Jeremy Collier, he married the daughter of an eminent apothecary in London, from whom he took instructions in pharmacy. He afterwards practised with great success as a physician at Stratford in Essex, and died in 1772. While at Peterhouse he published a translation of Martyn's Answers to Emlyn, 1718, and in the following year an edition of S. Justini Martyris Dialogus cum Tryphone. In 1722 he edited a periodical, Bibliotheca Literaria, of which only ten numbers appeared. He published a life also of Mary Queen of Scots; an edition of Aristides, with notes; and some other works, the most important of which was the Opus Majus of Roger Bacon, 1733, folio.—G. BL.
JEEJEEBHOY, Sir Jamsetjee, Bart., a famous Indian merchant and philanthropist, born at Bombay, 15th July, 1783. Although his parents were poor he received a good education; and having shown a special aptitude for mercantile pursuits, he at an early age became partner in business with his father-in-law, Framjee Nusserwanjee. His skill and enterprise were soon manifested in extensive and successful speculations in the produce of various countries, and in the prosecution of business he had made many long and hazardous voyages before he had completed his twenty-fourth year, when he became principal partner in the firm. Ere he had been twenty years in business, and when still young, he had amassed an immense fortune, which instead of expending in personal display and luxurious gratification, he resolved to devote to the good of his less fortunate fellow-men. He expended vast sums on benevolent institutions and works of utility connected with his native city. It has been computed that exclusive of private charity, he bestowed between the years 1822 and 1858 no less than a quarter of a million sterling in the founding, endowing, or supporting of undertakings of a benevolent nature. Munificence so unprecedented did not escape the notice of her majesty, who as a mark of her esteem conferred on him the honours of knighthood—the first instance of its being bestowed on an Indian subject. The patent was presented at Pavel, amid great ceremony, by the governor of Bombay. He, in 1843, received a farther mark of royal favour in the shape of a gold medal set in diamonds. His great worth was also duly acknowledged by the inhabitants of Bombay and neighbourhood. He died in April, 1859.—J. B—r.
JEFFERSON, Thomas, twice president of the United States of America, was born on the 2d of April, 1743, at Shadwell in the county of Albemarle, Virginia. His father, an early settler, had been employed in various boundary surveys, and aided in constructing the first map of Virginia ever made. He died in 1757, bequeathing to his son the lands on which the future president had been born and for many years lived. After receiving a tolerable preliminary education, Jefferson studied at the college of William and Mary at Williamsburg, and learned a great deal from its professor of mathematics, a Scotchman, Dr. Small, whose varied services to his early culture are gratefully acknowledged in his autobiography. He was a student of law, when at the door of the lobby of the house of burgesses of Virginia he heard with sympathy and admiration Patrick Henry declaim against the stamp act. Two years later he went to the bar, and was rising to eminence in his profession when he diverged permanently into politics—the more readily because he had enriched himself by marriage. In 1769 he had been elected a member of the house of burgesses for his native county, and made an unsuccessful effort for the emancipation of the negroes. He soon became one of the leaders of those younger members of the house who were for bold measures, and disliked the timidity of their senior fellow-representatives. On the dissolution of the Virginia assembly by the governor, after its assertion of the right of self-taxation, Jefferson joined Washington, Patrick Henry, and others, in protesting. In 1773 he aided in organizing the standing committee of correspondence, which proved an important agency in the American revolution, maintaining as it did a constant communication between the disaffected provinces. He was a member of the first Virginian convention which met independently of the British authorities, and a bold paper which he laid before it entitled "A summary view of the rights of British America," was adopted by Burke and republished with some alterations by him in London. To the general congress Jefferson was sent as one of the delegates of Virginia, and the original draught of the celebrated declaration of independence was his handiwork. He retired from congress to labour in the legislature of his native state, where he procured the abolition of entails, and after a long struggle, that of the Anglican church establishment. He advocated a general scheme of state education, and with even less success, a plan for the gradual emancipation of the slaves. He does not seem to have had any military ambition or skill, and contented himself during the war of independence with discharging the civil duties of the governorship of Virginia, to which he was elected in 1779. He had twice previously declined, for domestic reasons, a mission to Europe; which he accepted, however, at the peace, when he was sent to Paris ostensibly to regulate, in the company of Franklin and Adams, treaties of commerce with the nations of Europe. In these negotiations his principal success was with Frederick the Great, then on the verge of the grave. He succeeded Franklin as minister at Paris, and witnessed with sympathy the early scenes of the French revolution. On his way home towards the close of 1789, he was met by the offer of the secretaryship of state, which he accepted rather reluctantly
