large number of works, striking for faithful adherence to nature, and for a dash of touch peculiar to this artist.—R. M.
* DAHL, Vladimir, better known by the nom de plume of Kosac Luganski, was born at St. Petersburg towards the close of the last century. The early part of his life was spent in the navy, and it was not till about his fortieth year that he commenced author. A man of genius and observation, he profited by extensive travel, and became one of the most successful writers of fiction in Russia. As a delineator of national manners he has a high reputation.—J. F. W.
DAHLBERG, Eric, a Swedish military engineer, born in 1625; died in 1703. Already inspector of the national defences, he was appointed quartermaster during the Polish war in 1657, and afterwards governor-general of Livonia. He was latterly raised to the dignities of royal counsellor and field-marshal general. Dahlberg wrote a book entitled "Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna," and most of the plans and engravings in Puffendorf's History of Charles Gustavus were executed by him.—R. M., A.
* DAHLBOM, Anders Gustav, born in 1806, professor of entomology in Lund, well known as the author of many entomological works, as, for instance, "Exercitationes Hymenopterologicæ;" "Bombi Scandinaviæ;" "Conspectus Tethredinum, &c., Scandinaviæ, Copenhagen;" "Hymenoptera Europæa, præcipue Borealia; "Clavis Novi Hymenopterum Systematis," Lund; "Synopsis Hymenopterologiæ Scandinaviæ," Lund; "Kort Underrättelse om Skandinaviska Insekters allmännare Skada och nylta" (A Short Account of the Damage and Benefits of the more common Scandinavian insects), &c.—M. H.
DAHLGREN, Carl Frederik, a Swedish poet, one of the leaders of the so-called phosphorist school, was born on 20th June, 1791, in Ösgothland. He received his education at the university of Upsala. In 1813 he made his first appearance before the public as a contributor to Atterbam's Poetical Calendar. He published in 1819-20 Molberg's Epistlar, which were succeeded by various other works in the form of poetical calendars. He had considerable humour, and described comic and burlesque scenes in the manner of Belman. During the years 1829, 1834, and 1840, Dahlgren sat in the diet. He constantly adhered to the opposition, though in some of his later speeches he approximated to the moderate party. He suffered for many years from an incurable disease, which during the latter part of his life considerably diminished his powers of labour. He died on 2nd May, 1844. His works were collected and published in six volumes after his death.—M. H.
* DAHLGUIST, George Gustaf, an actor of the theatre royal in Stockholm, was born on the 21st of June, 1807. He was brought up to trade, which he abandoned from his passion for theatrical personation, and made his debut in 1833 as Sicinius in Virginia. Especially in tragic characters, he takes rank amongst the first of his profession in Sweden.—M. H.
* DAHLMANN, Friderich Christoph, an eminent German historian and politician, was born at Vismar, 17th May, 1785, and devoted himself to the study of ancient languages in the universities of Copenhagen and Halle. Soon after he settled as a philological lecturer at Copenhagen, whence, in 1813, he was promoted to an extraordinary professorship at Kiel. Two years later he was appointed secretary to the prelates and nobility of Schleswig-Holstein, which office soon involved him in repeated controversies with the Danish government, and gradually attracted his attention to the study of politics, in connection with mediæval and modern history, on which topics he published some important works. Not being admitted as professor ordinary at Kiel, he accepted the chair of politics at Göttingen, which was offered him in 1829. Here he wrote "Quellenkunde der Deutschen Geschichte," 1830; and "Politik auf den Grund und das Maass der gegebenen Zustände Zurückgeführt." When, in 1837, the Hanoverian constitution was abolished, he, with the brothers Grimm and others, protested, and with them was banished. After some years of private life at Leipzig and Jena, he was inducted to the chair of politics and history at Bonn, In 1848 he was appointed confidential agent of the Prussian government at Frankfort, where he penned the constitution of a new German empire, as presented by the commission of the seventeen. In the national assembly he distinguished himself as one of the leaders of the constitutional or parliamentary party, and steadily advocated the election of the king of Prussia to the imperial crown. He energetically protested against the armistice of Malmoe, but in deference to his political friends, seceded from the assembly. He was afterwards an active member of the assemblies of Gotha and Erfurt, as also of the Prussian diet, and to the last advocated the principles of sound political reform as borne out by historical facts. Equally averse to revolutionary and absolutist principles, he at length retired altogether from the political stage, and exclusively devoted himself to the duties of his office at Bonn. His Histories of Denmark, and of the English and French revolutions, take high rank.—K. E.
DAHLSTJERNA, Gunno, a Swedish poet of the seventeenth century belonging to the so-called Italian school. He died in 1709. He introduced the ottava rima into Swedish poetry in a long poem called "Kungaskald," on the death of Charles XII. He also translated, but not very successfully, Guarini's Pastor Fido, The "Kungaskald" is given in Carleson's collection, and contains some fine passages. He also wrote some excellent imitations of the old folk's songs.—M. H.
DAILLÉ, Jean (in Latin Dallæus), an eminent theologian of the protestant church of France during the seventeenth century, was born in 1594 at Chatelherault in Poitou. Having repaired to Saumur in 1612 to prosecute his studies for the ministry, he was taken into the family of the celebrated Philip du Plessis-Mornai as a tutor to his grandchildren, with two of whom he afterwards travelled through Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Holland, and England. He returned home in 1621, and regretted to the end of his days the two years which he had lost in these peregrinations. In 1623 he was ordained, and for a short time acted as domestic chaplain to his patron. In 1624 he edited the Memoirs of Du Plessis-Mornai, who died in his arms. In 1625 he became minister of Saumur, and in 1626 of Charenton in Paris, in which important charge he continued till his death on the 15th of April, 1670. He published twenty volumes of sermons, which were highly esteemed. In regard to his French style he was considered one of the best writers of the age. But his most celebrated piece was his treatise, "De l'Employ des Pères," published in 1631, and again in Latin, "De usu Patrum in decidendis controversiis," in 1656 He presided as moderator of the last national synod of the protestant church of France at Loudun in 1659, on which occasion he took part with Amyraut in the controversy raised by the latter on the subject of the universality of grace. His treatise on the Fathers was translated by Thomas Smith of Cambridge in 1651, and has always been held in high esteem for its patristic learning and argumentative power. Bishop Warburton was one of its warmest admirers, and asserts that "it gave birth to the two best defences ever written on the two best subjects—religion and liberty; I mean," says he, "Mr. Chillingworth's Religion of Protestants, and Dr. Jeremy Taylor's Liberty of Prophesying." In a word," he continues, "it may be truly said to be the storehouse from whence all who have since written popularly on the character of the Fathers have derived their materials."—P. L.
DAJON, Nicalai, a Danish sculptor, born in Copenhagen in 1748; died in 1824; professor of sculpture, and member of the Academy of Arts. The two statues, "Bravery" and "Love of Country," at Copenhagen, are his work.—M. H.
DALAYRAC, Nicolas, a musician, was born 13th June, 1753, at Muret in Languedoc, and died 27th November, 1809, at Paris. His father, who was subdelegate of the province where he was born, designed him for the profession of the law, and opposed, therefore, his boyish inclination for music. He indulged his son, however, with a few lessons on the violin; but, finding this study engross his attention, he commanded him to discontinue it. Young Dalayrac, consequently, used to take his violin to the housetop, after the family had gone to rest, and there practise by starlight. His distaste for jurisprudence became, in course of time, so manifest as to induce his father to abandon his favourite project, and to send Nicolas, at the age of twenty-one, to Paris, to enter the guards of the count of Artois. The metropolis gave him many opportunities of prosecuting the study of music, and he became the friend and pupil of Langlé, under whose instruction, late in life as was his commencement, he made so rapid progress that in 1781 he composed two little operas, which were performed at the court. The credit he gained by these induced the production, at the Opéra Comique, of his first public work, "L'Eclipse Totale," in 1782. He composed fifty-five other operas; the last of these "Le Poéte et le Musicien," upon which he was engaged when he died, was not performed until two years afterwards; and another, "Le Pavilion du Calife," which was written in 1804, did not appear
